Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences最新文献_第10页

Synthesising arguments and the extended evolutionary synthesis 综合论证和扩展的进化综合

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101244

Andrew Buskell

引用次数: 2

In the beginning there was information? 一开始有信息吗?

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101239

Peter Godfrey-Smith

引用次数: 5

Medical nihilism: The limits of a decontextualised critique of medicine 医学虚无主义:脱离语境的医学批判的局限

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101189

Arjun Devanesan

{"title":"Medical nihilism: The limits of a decontextualised critique of medicine","authors":"Arjun Devanesan","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a new and interesting book entitled Medical Nihilism (2018), Jacob Stegenga attempts to convince us that modern medical therapies are less effective than we think. Given the heterogeneity of hypotheses in medicine and the evidence for or against them, I argue that such a decontextualised critique cannot be made unless substantially weakened. Instead, I put forward an alternative, more nuanced and defensible epistemic view of medicine. According to this view, evaluating medical evidence requires analysis of both the methods of research e.g. randomised controlled trial (RCT), and context-specific information. This is because the way a trial (even an RCT) is conducted e.g. the population recruited and how it is intervened on, will vary and will have significant effects on the likelihood of a positive outcome. Moreover, the relationship between the positive outcome of a trial and the actual effectiveness of an intervention (the trial validity) will depend on these context specific factors. I argue for this position against nihilism by showing how each of Stegenga's individual claims about medical trials (trials are biased in favour of positive outcomes etc) can be questioned by taking the context into consideration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48557,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76200472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101205

Claire Edington

引用次数: 0

本论坛

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101203

Hans Pols

引用次数: 0

Kant, organisms, and representation 康德，有机体和表象

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101223

Patrick R. Leland

引用次数: 5

Epistemic risks in cancer screening: Implications for ethics and policy 癌症筛查中的认知风险:对伦理和政策的影响

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101200

Justin B. Biddle

{"title":"Epistemic risks in cancer screening: Implications for ethics and policy","authors":"Justin B. Biddle","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Cancer screening<span> is the subject of much debate; while screening has the potential to save lives by identifying and treating cancers in early stages, it is also the case that not all cancers cause symptoms, and the diagnosis of these cancers can lead to unnecessary treatments and subsequent side-effects and complications. This paper explores the relationships between epistemic risks in cancer diagnosis and screening, the social organization of </span></span>medical research and practice, and policy making; it does this by examining 2018 recommendations by the United States Preventative Services Task Force that patients make individualized, autonomy-based decisions about cancer screening on the basis of discussions with their physicians. While the paper focuses on </span>prostate cancer<span> screening, the issues that it raises are relevant to other cancer screening programs, especially breast cancer. The paper argues that prostate cancer screening—and, more generally, the process of risk assessment for prostate cancer—is pervaded by epistemic risks that reflect value judgments and that the pervasiveness of these epistemic risks creates significant and under-explored difficulties for physician-patient communication and the achievement of autonomous patient decision making.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48557,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75773360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Best behaviour: A proposal for a non-binary conceptualization of behaviour in biology 最佳行为:对生物学中行为的非二元概念化的建议

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101222

Eric Muszynski, Christophe Malaterre

{"title":"Best behaviour: A proposal for a non-binary conceptualization of behaviour in biology","authors":"Eric Muszynski, Christophe Malaterre","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Behaviour is a widespread object of research in biology, yet it is often left undefined, and the variety of existing definitions have not led to a consensus. We argue that the fundamental problem in defining behaviour has been the assumption that the concept must be categorical: either a phenomenon is a behaviour or it is not. We propose instead that ‘behaviour’ is best understood as a spectrum concept. We have identified three major characteristics of phenomena which, we argue, fuel the intuitions of biologists regarding the classification of cases as behaviour. All are related to the mechanistic explanations put forth to account for the phenomena, and are (i) the complexity of the mechanism, (ii) the stability of the constitutive entities, and (iii) the quantity and significance of the inputs to the underlying mechanism. We illustrate this new conceptualisation through a three-dimensional behaviour-space which highlights the apparently different conceptualizations of behaviour attributed to humans, animals and plants, showing that they, in fact, all partake of a unified, malleable understanding of a single concept.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48557,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84409364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

书评

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101204

Junko Kitanaka

引用次数: 0

Social evolution and the individual-as-maximising-agent analogy. 社会进化和个体作为最大化代理的类比。

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C-Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101225

C. Paternotte

引用次数: 1