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The Impact of the WWI Agricultural Boom and Bust on Female Opportunity Cost and Fertility 第一次世界大战农业盛衰对女性机会成本和生育率的影响
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead047
Carl Kitchens, Luke P. Rodgers
{"title":"The Impact of the WWI Agricultural Boom and Bust on Female Opportunity Cost and Fertility","authors":"Carl Kitchens, Luke P. Rodgers","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using variation in crop prices induced by large swings in demand surrounding World War I, we examine the fertility response to crop revenue increases from 1910 to 1930. Our estimates indicate that agricultural price increases reduced fertility, explaining about 9% of the overall decline in fertility over the period. The effect persists years after the collapse of the war boom. Importantly, we show that fertility declines were concentrated in farm women and fertility declined along intensive and extensive margins. Combined, the pattern of estimates is consistent with agricultural women experiencing an increase in the opportunity cost of their time.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135210669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market 推荐信中的性别差异:来自经济学就业市场的证据
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead045
Markus Eberhardt, Giovanni Facchini, Valeria Rueda
{"title":"Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market","authors":"Markus Eberhardt, Giovanni Facchini, Valeria Rueda","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead045","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Academia, and economics in particular, faces increased scrutiny because of gender imbalance. This paper studies the job market for entry-level faculty positions. We employ machine learning methods to analyse gendered patterns in the text of 12,000 reference letters written in support of over 3,700 candidates. Using both supervised and unsupervised techniques, we document widespread differences in the attributes emphasised. Women are systematically more likely to be described using ‘grindstone’ terms and at times less likely to be praised for their ability. Using information on initial placement, we highlight the implications of these gendered descriptors for the quality of academic placement.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135090834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Does Homeownership Reduce Crime? A Radical Housing Reform from the UK 有房能减少犯罪吗?英国激进的住房改革
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead040
Richard Disney, John Gathergood, Stephen Machin, Matteo Sandi
{"title":"Does Homeownership Reduce Crime? A Radical Housing Reform from the UK","authors":"Richard Disney, John Gathergood, Stephen Machin, Matteo Sandi","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract ‘Right to Buy’, a large-scale natural experiment whereby incumbent tenants in public housing could buy properties at heavily subsidised prices, increased the United Kingdom homeownership rate by over 10 percentage points between its 1980 introduction and the 1990s. This paper studies the impact of this reform on crime by leveraging exogenous variation in eligibility for the policy. Results show that Right to Buy generated significant property crime reductions. Behavioural changes of incumbent tenants and renovation of public properties were the main drivers of this crime reduction. This is evidence of a novel means by which subsidised homeownership and housing policy can reduce criminality.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135657253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When Information Conflicts with Obligations: the Role of Motivated Cognition 当信息与义务冲突:动机认知的作用
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead037
Ao Wang, Shaoda Wang, Xiaoyang Ye
{"title":"When Information Conflicts with Obligations: the Role of Motivated Cognition","authors":"Ao Wang, Shaoda Wang, Xiaoyang Ye","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We experimentally test how psychological motivations can impact the processing of purely objective information. We first document that, when the high-stakes College Entrance Exam is held in the month of Ramadan, Chinese Muslim students perform significantly worse. When asked about the impact of fasting, they severely underestimate the cost of taking the exam during Ramadan, even when presented with direct empirical evidence. In the experiment, we randomly offer students reading materials in which well-respected Muslim clerics explain that it is permissible to postpone the fast until after the exam. Consistent with an interpretation of motivated cognition, students who receive the material distort the statistics about the fasting cost significantly less and become more accepting of delaying the fast for the exam.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"386 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135335648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Urban Sprawl and Social Capital: Evidence from Indonesian Cities 城市扩张与社会资本:来自印度尼西亚城市的证据
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead032
Andrea Civelli, Arya Gaduh, Alexander D Rothenberg, Yao Wang
{"title":"Urban Sprawl and Social Capital: Evidence from Indonesian Cities","authors":"Andrea Civelli, Arya Gaduh, Alexander D Rothenberg, Yao Wang","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We use detailed data from Indonesian cities to study how variation in density within urban areas affects social capital. For identification, we instrument density with soil characteristics, and control for community averages of observed characteristics. Under plausible assumptions, these controls address sorting on observables and unobservables. We find that lower density increases trust in neighbours and community participation. We also find that lower density is associated with reduced interethnic tolerance, but this relationship is explained by sorting. Heterogeneity analysis suggests that crime in dense areas undermines community trust and participation, intensifying the negative impact of density.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135115832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unraveling Firms: Demand, Productivity and Markups Heterogeneity 拆解企业:需求、生产率和价差异质性
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead031
Emanuele Forlani, Ralf Martin, Giordano Mion, Mirabelle Muûls
{"title":"Unraveling Firms: Demand, Productivity and Markups Heterogeneity","authors":"Emanuele Forlani, Ralf Martin, Giordano Mion, Mirabelle Muûls","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We develop a novel framework that simultaneously allows recovering heterogeneity in demand, quantity total factor productivity and markups across firms while leaving the correlation between the three dimensions unrestricted. We accomplish this by explicitly introducing demand heterogeneity and systematically exploiting assumptions used in previous productivity estimation approaches. In doing so, we provide an exact decomposition of revenue productivity in terms of the underlying heterogeneities, thus bridging the gap between quantity and revenue productivity estimations. We use Belgian firms’ production data to quantify total factor productivity, demand and markups, and show how they are correlated with each other across time and with measures obtained from other approaches. In doing so, we find quantity total factor productivity and demand to be strongly negatively correlated with each other, so suggesting a trade-off between the quality of a firm’s products and their production cost. We also show how our framework provides deeper and sharper insights on the response of firms to increasing import competition from China. In particular, we find that changes in revenue productivity materialise as the outcome of complex and sometimes offsetting changes in quantity total factor productivity, demand, markups and production scale.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135972143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Rice Farming and the Origins of Cooperative Behaviour 水稻种植和合作行为的起源
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead030
Xiaoyu Zhou, Theodore Alysandratos, Michael Naef
{"title":"Rice Farming and the Origins of Cooperative Behaviour","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhou, Theodore Alysandratos, Michael Naef","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides novel evidence for links between historic farming practices and current norms of cooperative behaviour. We hypothesise that the cooperation required in wetland rice farming gives rise to strong cultural norms of cooperativeness. We compare participants from prefecture cities that predominately practice wetland rice cultivation to those from non-rice regions. A public goods game with and without punishment is the main measure for cooperative behaviour. Results indicate a strong and robust positive effect of wetland rice farming on cooperative behaviour and pro-social punishment. Complementary, consistent evidence from a natural field experiment and a survey further enriches our data.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135076541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Political Activists as Free Riders: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment 作为搭便车者的政治活动家:来自自然田野实验的证据
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-07 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead020
Anselm Hager, Lukas Hensel, Johannes Hermle, Christopher Roth
{"title":"Political Activists as Free Riders: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment","authors":"Anselm Hager, Lukas Hensel, Johannes Hermle, Christopher Roth","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How does a citizen’s decision to participate in political activism depend on the participation of others? We conduct a nationwide natural field experiment in collaboration with a major European party during a recent national election. In a party survey, we randomly provide canvassers with true information about the canvassing intentions of their peers. When learning that more peers participate in canvassing than previously believed, canvassers significantly reduce both their canvassing intentions and behaviour. An additional survey among party supporters underscores the importance of free-riding motives and reveals that there is strong heterogeneity in motives underlying supporters’ behavioural responses.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"110 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135693685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Designing Effective Teacher Performance Pay Programs: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania* 设计有效的教师绩效薪酬方案:来自坦桑尼亚的实验证据*
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead010
Isaac Mbiti, Mauricio Romero, Youdi Schipper
{"title":"Designing Effective Teacher Performance Pay Programs: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania*","authors":"Isaac Mbiti, Mauricio Romero, Youdi Schipper","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We use a nationally representative field experiment in Tanzania to compare two teacher performance pay systems in public primary schools: a ‘pay-for-percentile’ system (a rank-order tournament) and a ‘levels’ system that features multiple proficiency thresholds. Pay for percentile can potentially induce socially optimal effort among teachers, while levels systems can encourage teachers to focus on students near passing thresholds. Despite the theoretical advantage of the tournament system, we find that both systems improved student test scores across the distribution of initial learning levels after two years. However, the levels system is easier to implement and is more cost effective.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"54 77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136087283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Individual Consequences of Occupational Decline 职业衰退的个人后果
2区 经济学
Economic Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1093/ej/uead027
Per-Anders Edin, Tiernan Evans, Georg Graetz, Sofia Hernnäs, Guy Michaels
{"title":"Individual Consequences of Occupational Decline","authors":"Per-Anders Edin, Tiernan Evans, Georg Graetz, Sofia Hernnäs, Guy Michaels","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We assess the career earnings losses that individual Swedish workers suffered when their occupations’ employment declined. High-quality data allow us to overcome sorting into declining occupations on various attributes, including cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Our estimates show that occupational decline reduced mean cumulative earnings from 1986–2013 by no more than 2%–5%. This loss reflects a combination of reduced earnings conditional on employment, reduced years of employment and increased time spent in unemployment and retraining. While on average workers successfully mitigated their losses, those initially at the bottom of their occupations’ earnings distributions lost up to 8%–11%.","PeriodicalId":48448,"journal":{"name":"Economic Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136047493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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