{"title":"Does worrying about money motivate counterproductive work behavior? A time-lagged study","authors":"Mahsa Abedini, Bert Schreurs, I.M. Jawahar, Melvyn R.W. Hamstra","doi":"10.1108/jmp-04-2023-0223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-04-2023-0223","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This research sought to examine the potential association between workers’ financial worry and counterproductive work behavior. Based on the basic psychological need theory, we propose that psychological need satisfaction explains this relationship and we position this volitional pathway as an alternative to a cognitive capacity pathway based on the cognitive load theory.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>We conducted a two-week interval-lagged survey study with three measurement points among 180 US workers. The mediation models were tested using structural equation modeling.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The results support the conclusion that, while cognitive capacity could have an impact on counterproductive work behavior, its mediating effect is less strong than that of need satisfaction.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>Based on the results, we recommend that organizations design their compensation and benefits system to shield employees from financial worries. At the same time, we advise offering the employees who do experience financial worries assistance in managing their budgets and offering other forms of financial coaching.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This study is innovative because we show that the negative effects of financial worry extend much further than initially thought and affect not only employees' cognition but also their motivation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140199971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiencing the pull and push: influences on independent contractor motivation and job satisfaction","authors":"Andrew Miller, Adam Vanhove","doi":"10.1108/jmp-02-2023-0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-02-2023-0081","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Drawing on organismic integration theory, we aim to examine whether the reasons independent contractors choose contract work are related to their on-the-job motivation and job satisfaction and whether their perceived support enhances positive (or buffers negative) effects.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>We collected data at three separate time points from 241 adjunct instructors to test a moderated mediation model using bootstrapping analyses.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The positive relationship between pull factors (e.g. autonomy) and job satisfaction is fully mediated by the autonomous motivation contractors experienced at work. The inverse relationship between push factors (e.g. inability to secure desired work role) and job satisfaction is not mediated by autonomous nor controlled motivation experienced at work. Contractors' perceived organizational support does not moderate the relationship between either push or pull factors and autonomous motivation. Post hoc analysis shows a moderating effect of perceived supervisor support on the nonlinear relationship between push factors and autonomous motivation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>Recruiting individuals drawn to the benefits of contract work may have important implications for worker motivation, job satisfaction and potentially beyond. Moreover, organizations may consider whether existing support resources and infrastructure are appropriate for contractors.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>Despite the abundance of evidence demonstrating the benefits of organizational and supervisor support among traditional employee populations, such support may be of limited value to those drawn to contract work.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140169128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fit for one or fit for all? The normative theory of fit and the normative and distinctive decomposition of fit","authors":"Graham H. Lowman, Peter D. Harms, Dustin Wood","doi":"10.1108/jmp-05-2023-0275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-05-2023-0275","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Central to the fit concept is that congruence between individual and environmental attributes leads to improved outcomes. However, when discussing fit, researchers often describe congruence as alignment between distinctive or unique individual and environmental attributes. We suggest that current approaches to examining fit do not adequately account for this assumption of distinctiveness because they fail to consider normative expectations and preferences. As such, we propose an alternative theoretical and methodological approach to conceptualizing and measuring fit.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>We introduce the normative theory of fit, outline how researchers can decompose fit into distinctive and normative components and identify areas for future research.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>Management researchers have largely ignored the importance of decomposing fit into distinctive and normative components. This shortcoming necessitates additional research to ensure a more accurate understanding of fit and its relationship with outcomes.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>We provide a clarification and critical examination of a pervasive construct in the field of management by introducing the normative theory of fit, identifying areas where researchers can employ this theoretical lens and suggesting a reevaluation of the importance placed on differentiation that is traditionally employed in practice.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140149255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anja Wittmers, Kai N. Klasmeier, Birgit Thomson, Günter W. Maier
{"title":"Unveiling the interplay between leadership behavior and leader well-being: a person-centered approach","authors":"Anja Wittmers, Kai N. Klasmeier, Birgit Thomson, Günter W. Maier","doi":"10.1108/jmp-06-2023-0339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-06-2023-0339","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Drawing on COR theory and based on a person-centered approach, this study aims to explore profiles of both leadership behavior (transformational leadership, abusive supervision) and well-being indicators (cognitive irritation, emotional exhaustion). Additionally, we consider whether certain resource-draining (work intensification) and resource-creating factors (leader autonomy, psychological contract fulfillment) from the leaders' work context are related to profile membership.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The profiles are built using LPA on data from 153 leaders and their 1,077 followers. The relationship between profile membership and correlates from the leaders' work context is examined using multinomial logistic regression analyses.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>LPA results in an interpretable four-profile solution with the profiles named (1) Good health – constructive leading, (2) Average health – inconsistent leading, (3) Impaired health – constructive leading and (4) Impaired health – destructive leading. The two groups with the highest sample share – Profiles 1 and 3 – both show highly constructive leadership behavior but differ significantly in their well-being indicators. The regression analyses show that work intensification and psychological contract fulfillment are significantly related to profile membership.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The person-centered approach provides a more nuanced view of the leadership behavior – leader well-being relationship, which can address inconsistencies in previous research. In terms of practical relevance, the person-centered approach allows for the identification of risk groups among leaders for whom organizations can provide additional resources and health-promoting interventions.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140018504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethlyn A. Williams, Kate M. McCombs, Rajnandini Pillai, Kevin B. Lowe
{"title":"CEO dark triad traits and organization COVID-19 response: the mediating effect of COVID-19 anxiety and moderating effect of follower self-leadership","authors":"Ethlyn A. Williams, Kate M. McCombs, Rajnandini Pillai, Kevin B. Lowe","doi":"10.1108/jmp-03-2023-0147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-03-2023-0147","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This research aims to examine the influence of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) dark triad traits, follower COVID-19 anxiety and self-leadership on follower evaluations of the effectiveness of organizations’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>In this paper data were collected over two time periods. At time 1, mid-October 2021, 650 participants responded to questions on their CEO’s leadership traits and self-leadership. At time 2, (3-week lag) 275 matched individual responses provided followers’ evaluations of the effectiveness of the organization’s COVID-19 response and follower self-leadership.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>CEO dark triad traits had direct and indirect negative effects on followers’ evaluations of the organization’s COVID-19 response (through COVID-19 anxiety). Follower self-leadership mitigated the negative effects.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Research limitations/implications</h3>\u0000<p>By examining the moderating role of self-leadership, we can offer organizations evidence-based strategies to mitigate some harmful effects of leaders exhibiting dark triad traits.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>Given that organizations are still dealing with the ongoing ramifications of COVID-19 and planning for future crises, our findings emphasize the negative effects of dark traits on COVID-19 anxiety, and in turn, on follower’s evaluation of effective organization response to a crisis, highlighting the importance of top-level leader selection.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Social implications</h3>\u0000<p>Our results bolster Manz’s (1986) argument that self-leadership might be key to achieving peak performance in organizations and important for follower well-being.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This study of dark traits is especially important in a crisis context to understand how leaders affect followers’ perceptions about organizational outcomes and factors that might mediate or moderate the negative impact. Despite interest in understanding leadership during a crisis, the majority of research is focused on positive traits of leaders (Palmer <em>et al</em>., 2020).</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139925196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding the multifunctional role of entrepreneurial coaching through a systematic review of the literature","authors":"Giammarco Marras, Matteo Opizzi, Michela Loi","doi":"10.1108/jmp-01-2023-0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-01-2023-0070","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The aim of this study is to systematise the entrepreneurial coaching (EC) literature by understanding how the phenomenon has been investigated along four dimensions inspired by Gartner’s (1985) conceptualisation of entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial process, context, target and outcomes. In so doing, this study will provide a frame of its multifunctional role and identify relevant gaps and suggestions for future research.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>We conducted a systematic literature review to collect existing works on EC. We analysed 85 selected papers with a qualitative content analysis that allowed us to highlight relevant research themes for the entrepreneurial process, context, outcomes and target.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>Our results demonstrate that EC has a multifunctional role in entrepreneurship that can be summarised in five different typologies, depending on the stage of the entrepreneurial process in which it is applied, the context, the target and the outcomes.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>As one of the first attempts to systematise studies on EC, this work extends previous conceptualisation of EC by detailing different typologies of this intervention, thereby contributing to reduced fragmentation and conceptual ambiguity.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139925214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of relational mechanisms in the executive coaching process on client outcomes in distance coaching relationships","authors":"Frankie J. Weinberg, Mary M. Hausfeld","doi":"10.1108/jmp-02-2023-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-02-2023-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>We examine the relationships between clients’ level of coaching readiness and trust in their executive coach and increases to both personal learning improved work performance. Distance relationships, the setting for this study, epitomize the norms of the New World of Work (NWoW), but also provide particular challenges for building trust and recognizing similarities between client and coach.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>This study investigates distance coaching relationships in matched-pairs, longitudinal investigation of formal executive coaching.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>Results support the proposed moderated mediation path. Findings reveal that both coaches’ perceptions of client readiness for coaching and client trust in coach each predict both client personal skill development and performance improvement.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Research limitations/implications</h3>\u0000<p>While important toward gaining a better understanding of the relational functioning of distance coaching relationships, inclusion of only distance relationships may truncate the generalizability of our findings.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>The study’s findings have practical implications for organizations that invest in executive coaching with regard to the importance of evaluating the candidates' readiness for coaching before the assignment, trust-building throughout distance coaching relationships and perceptions of similarity on client coaching outcomes.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>Distance relationships, the setting for this study, provide particular challenges for building trust and recognizing similarities between client and coach and the current investigation points to the relevance of these relational mechanisms to client outcomes. In so doing, this study explores how perceptions of deep-level similarity between a coach and client may serve as moderators of these relationships.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How much information to consider when choosing action to change? The impact of managers’ promotion versus prevention focus","authors":"Melvyn R.W. Hamstra","doi":"10.1108/jmp-08-2023-0430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-08-2023-0430","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This research sought to understand better how readily managers choose action to change the status quo. Specifically, in experimentally manipulated ambiguous situations, I examined the effect of managers’ promotion and prevention focus on how much information they wish to review to help them choose.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>I developed a novel experimental paradigm and applied it in a sample of 157 managers. Managers faced choosing action (change the status quo) versus non-action (keep the status quo), and I test under which circumstances they want to review more information that they believe will help them choose effectively.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The experiment showed evidence that (1) managers with a prevention focus want to review more information when they are trying to assure that they do not choose action erroneously; (2) managers with a promotion focus want to review more information when they are trying to assure that they do not choose non-action erroneously.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This research provides an original perspective on a managerial decision-making phenomenon. It goes beyond managers’ choice preferences to examine a practically relevant outcome of the process of deliberating about taking action to change the status quo.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139925212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why do employees craft their jobs: a qualitative analysis of job crafting motives from actor and observer perspectives","authors":"Xinyue Lin, Liang Meng","doi":"10.1108/jmp-05-2023-0279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-05-2023-0279","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Despite its flourishing development since first proposed, job crafting literature has provided limited insights into why people craft their jobs. This study theoretically develops a two-dimensional integrative framework for the motives of job crafting, including orientation (self-oriented vs work-oriented vs other-oriented) and self-determination (autonomous vs introjected vs external) dimensions. We further investigate the specific motives of job crafting from actor and observer perspectives.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>We conducted two critical-incident recall surveys among 120 and 100 employees from varied sectors and organizations, who responded from the actor and observer perspective respectively. 395 and 299 valid open-ended responses were then collected and coded following the steps for content analysis.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>Drawing from the proposed two-dimensional theoretical framework, we identified 16 specific job crafting motives from actor and observer perspectives.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>Our findings remind managers to pay attention to employees' motives of job crafting and take appropriate managerial actions according to their varied motives.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>By incorporating job crafting from the motivation literature and identifying diversified motives that drive employees to engage in job crafting, this qualitative study contributes to both the job crafting literature and the broader application of self-determination theory in the field of organizational behavior.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychologically gaining through losing: a metaphor analysis","authors":"Linda Du Plessis, Hong T.M. Bui","doi":"10.1108/jmp-12-2022-0629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-12-2022-0629","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This paper conceptualises how managers psychologically experience and respond to crises via metaphor analysis.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>This paper uses a discourse dynamics approach to metaphor analysis. Conceptual metaphors were analysed and developed into concept maps through 37 semi-structured interviews with senior managers from different portfolios within 16 public universities in South Africa after #FeesMustFall protests.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>Five domains emerged, including (1) looming crisis, (2) crisis onset, (3) crisis triage and containment, (4) (not) taking action and (5) post-crisis reflection. These domains shape a framework for the crisis adaptation cycle.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>This study suggests that organisations should pay more attention to understanding emotions in crises and can use the adaptation model to develop their managers. It shows how metaphors can help explain affective and cognitive experiences and how emotions shift and evolve during a crisis. Managers should be aware of early signs of the crisis and its potential impact on their business operation in the looming and recognition stages, analyse the situation and work collectively on possible actions to minimise losses and maximise gains.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This is a rare investigation into the emotions of senior managers in the public sector in a social movement and national crisis via unconventional research methods to advance cognitive appraisal theory in crisis management.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48247,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Managerial Psychology","volume":"371 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}