Citlali Trigos-Raczkowski, Kelsey Q. Wright, Joonas Pitkänen, Silvia Loi, Pekka Martikainen, Heta Moustgaard, Mikko Myrskylä
{"title":"Age at First Marriage or Cohabitation Among First-, Second-, and 2.5-Generation Immigrant Women, Finland 1987–2020","authors":"Citlali Trigos-Raczkowski, Kelsey Q. Wright, Joonas Pitkänen, Silvia Loi, Pekka Martikainen, Heta Moustgaard, Mikko Myrskylä","doi":"10.1177/01979183261473319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183261473319","url":null,"abstract":"Immigrants and their descendants are increasingly forming families across Europe, yet little is known about how immigration background shapes first union entry in emerging immigration contexts. Here, we examine whether immigrant generation, age at arrival, and sending region are associated with entry into opposite-sex first unions for women in Finland from 1987 to 2020. Treating cohabitation and direct marriage as competing events, we estimate cause-specific hazards in separate accelerated failure time models. We find a systematic bifurcation in union entry: while nearly all immigrant groups forgo the modal Finnish path of first entering a nonmarital cohabitation, specific subgroups—including the second generation, first generation arriving during adolescence, and women from the Former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, North America, South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa—exhibit accelerated transitions to direct marriage. While these findings demonstrate heterogeneity in the pathways by which immigrant women enter unions, with no single narrative of delay or convergence capturing the full picture, the overall pattern of later and less cohabitation and higher levels of direct marriage suggest that immigrant women face substantively different cultural, institutional, and social capital conditions than nonimmigrant women.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148768839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Climate-Related South–South Migration in the Pacific Islands Region: Assessing Regional, Subregional, and Bilateral Governance Frameworks","authors":"Sargam Goundar","doi":"10.1177/01979183261473306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183261473306","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is reshaping population movements within and between Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs), exposing critical gaps in how international migration is understood and governed in the Pacific. This study assesses key regional, subregional, and bilateral agreements in the Pacific to understand how they engage with climate mobility and to identify areas of neglect. It highlights a novel finding: while population movements between Pacific islands are a longstanding reality in the region, existing governance frameworks have so far rarely addressed climate-related South–South migration between PICTs. As a result, the needs of vulnerable receiving communities within PICTs have been largely overlooked in both research and policy. The paper further argues that this oversight reflects broader Global North biases in migration scholarship and governance that continue to shape orthodox understandings of climate-related mobility commonly framed through South to North migration paradigms. By centering South–South dynamics in the Pacific, a region often marginalized in global migration research, this study contributes to efforts to decenter dominant migration frameworks and calls for more inclusive approaches to climate-related migration scholarship and governance that reflect Pacific realities and the perspectives of affected communities.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148728703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Words with Consequences: The 2016 Election and International Student Visa Demand in the United States","authors":"Jamie Sharpe","doi":"10.1177/01979183261474498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183261474498","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines whether the 2016 US presidential election altered international student mobility by transforming campaign rhetoric into a credible signal of future policy and social risk. Using country–year data on F-1 visa issuances and active international student enrollments, the analysis studies how international students from countries explicitly targeted during the campaign responded to the election outcome. Two-way fixed effects models and event study specifications are used to trace both average post-election effects and their dynamic evolution. The results indicate a sharp post-election reversal in new international student inflows among targeted countries. Event study estimates show that, prior to 2016, F-1 visa issuances from Muslim-majority and Arab World countries grew faster than those from a plausibly less-affected comparison group. This upward trajectory reverses in FY2017, with visa issuances falling and remaining persistently lower in subsequent years. In contrast, active international student enrollments exhibit substantially more muted responses, reflecting the stock nature of enrollment outcomes and the continued presence of cohorts admitted prior to the election. Together, these findings indicate that the election primarily affected entry decisions rather than inducing immediate exits among enrolled students.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148717351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Quest for Freedom and Migration Aspirations: Evidence from the MENA Region","authors":"Réda Marakbi, Hajare El Hadri","doi":"10.1177/01979183261474491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183261474491","url":null,"abstract":"This article develops and empirically tests a theory of migration under repression. It argues that migration aspirations are shaped by perceived freedom repression and that such perceptions can make exit more attractive when voice appears blocked, risky, or ineffective. The theoretical framework yields four hypotheses, which we test using Arab Barometer data from 2021 to 2024 covering about 34,000 respondents in 12 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Empirically, we construct a Freedom Repression Index and examine how perceived repression shapes migration aspirations across different freedom dimensions and migration routes. Four findings stand out. First, perceived repression significantly increases migration aspirations, with substantive effects comparable to standard economic push factors. Second, the association is strongest for personal liberties, especially freedom of expression and freedom of religion, whereas restrictions on collective political rights such as protest are less strongly associated with migration aspirations. Third, repression shifts intentions toward irregular rather than regular migration routes. Fourth, this relationship is context-dependent; it is strongest in stable yet restrictive settings and weakens in conflict-affected contexts where insecurity dominates. By disaggregating freedom dimensions and distinguishing regular from irregular intentions, the article connects exit-voice theory to micro-level evidence and clarifies when, which, and how perceived repression shapes migration aspirations in the MENA region.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148709587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Who Governs Migrant Precarity? Intermediated Exclusion Under Conditions of Intensified Vulnerability","authors":"Fu-Hsuan Chen","doi":"10.1177/01979183261474489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183261474489","url":null,"abstract":"Who governs migrant precarity, and through what mechanisms is it sustained in contemporary labor migration regimes? This article conceptualizes intermediated exclusion as a governance logic through which accountability is displaced, producing migrant ...","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148810014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analyzing Online Migration Forums: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing for International Migration Research","authors":"Nari Yoo, Donghun Kim, Sou Hyun Jang, Eric Fong","doi":"10.1177/01979183261473318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183261473318","url":null,"abstract":"In contemporary migration studies, online forums are common spaces where people exchange information and seek advice about international migration. This methods note introduces the Reddit community r/IWantOut as a data source for studying migration aspirations and presents a validated natural language processing (NLP) pipeline for analyzing it. The forum's community rules require posters to encode age, gender, origin, and intended destinations in a fixed title format, so users label their own migration aspirations in a semi-machine-readable form when they post. Using 156,313 submissions from 2009 to 2026 (58,892 after cleaning), we demonstrate three analytical approaches: (1) time-series analysis to identify temporal shifts in discourse volume, (2) dictionary- and rule-based extraction, together with Named Entity Recognition (NER), to recover origin–destination pairs and sociodemographic attributes from the structured titles, and (3) large language model (LLM)-based zero-shot classification, used only for classifying migration motivations. Validation against human-coded labels across three LLMs (GPT-4.1, Claude-3.5-Sonnet, and DeepSeek-V3) showed that GPT-4.1 achieved the highest agreement (mean κ = 0.566), with substantial agreement on push factors, moderate agreement on pull and enabling factors, and fair agreement on constraining factors. Applying this approach to 56,242 international migration posts, we found that enabling factors (individual-level resources) appeared most frequently (77.3%), followed by constraining factors (49.3%), pull factors (37.2%), and push factors (23.6%). For each method, we provide practical guidance on implementation, data access, and validation, and reflect on methodological limitations and ethical considerations.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"279 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148693360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chloé Lavest, Meta van der Linden, Frank van Tubergen
{"title":"Growing Up Disillusioned? Unmet Educational Expectations and Perceived Discrimination Among Minority Youth in Spain","authors":"Chloé Lavest, Meta van der Linden, Frank van Tubergen","doi":"10.1177/01979183261463498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183261463498","url":null,"abstract":"While research on the determinants of perceived discrimination among immigrants has rapidly increased in recent years, much of it focuses on adults, and far less is known about immigrant youth. This article addresses that gap by studying perceptions of discrimination among immigrant youth in Spain. We focus on the role of unmet educational expectations and parental background, as education and awareness play a key role in predicting discrimination perceptions among adults. We draw on a three-wave panel of respondents interviewed between the ages of 14 and 22. We find that unmet expectations — captured by the mismatch between adolescents’ expected and achieved educational levels — are not related to perceived discrimination. We also find little evidence that parental education is associated with their children's perceptions of discrimination. Instead, we find that parental experiences of discrimination largely shape their children's perceptions, highlighting a strong intergenerational transmission of perceptions of discrimination.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148400963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}