British Journal of Clinical Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Profiles of beliefs about emotions in treatment-seeking adults: A person-centred approach using the emotion beliefs questionnaire.","authors":"Mahdi Mazidi, Jack D Brett, Alireza Azizi, Reza Moloodi, Mandana Shaban, James J Gross, Rodrigo Becerra","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Maladaptive beliefs about emotions (e.g., believing emotions are uncontrollable or useless) are theorized to contribute to emotion regulation difficulties and psychological distress. Limited research has examined maladaptive emotion beliefs in clinical populations. This study investigated the psychometric properties and latent profiles of the Emotion Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ) in a clinical sample.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 385 adults currently receiving psychotherapy participated in the study. The sample included inpatients (n = 110) from a psychiatric hospital and outpatients (n = 275) recruited through clinics and online in Iran. They completed the Emotion Beliefs Questionnaire alongside measures of emotion regulation difficulties (Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory) and psychological distress (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor model distinguishing beliefs about emotional controllability and the usefulness of positive and negative emotions. The EBQ demonstrated strong internal consistency and convergent and incremental validity. Latent Profile Analysis identified six distinct profiles of emotion beliefs, which were differentially associated with emotion regulation difficulties and psychological distress. Notably, the two profiles characterized by the highest levels of maladaptive emotion beliefs had the highest levels of emotion regulation difficulties and psychological distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings underscore the heterogeneity of emotion belief patterns in clinical populations and highlight the importance of assessing belief combinations rather than isolated dimensions, which can help with more personalized therapeutic interventions. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of emotion beliefs in psychopathology and supports the use of the EBQ as a psychometrically sound tool with clinical samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of early maladaptive schemas and intolerance of uncertainty in generalized anxiety disorder.","authors":"Jessica A Riley, Emily J Wilson, Alice R Norton, Maree J Abbott","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The impact of developmental factors has not been addressed in cognitive models and gold standard treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The present study examined the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), dysfunctional parental styles, intolerance of uncertainty (IoU) and early maladaptive schemas (EMS) with GAD symptomatology and diagnostic status. The relationship between these variables was compared between a low anxiety and clinical GAD group. We hypothesized that the low anxiety group would score significantly lower on these variables compared to the clinical GAD group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants in the clinical GAD group (n = 38) were recruited via a clinical trial and screened for a primary diagnosis of GAD using the Diagnostic Interview for Anxiety, Mood and OCD and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders (DIAMOND; Tolin et al., Assessment, 25, 2018, 3). Participants in the low anxiety group (n = 148) were undergraduate students scoring in the normal to mild range on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, Behav. Res. Ther., 33, 1995, 335) and within the normal range on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7). APA PsycTests, 2006).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that IoU and two EMS (vulnerability to harm; self-sacrifice) were significant predictors of GAD-7 scores. Logistic regression analysis similarly found IoU and the EMS of vulnerability to harm as the only significant predictor of GAD group membership. ACEs and dysfunctional parental styles were not significant predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings support further investigation of IoU and EMSs in models of GAD and the utility of targeting these cognitive vulnerabilities in enhancing treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145087825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring young women's experiences of a mindful yoga intervention for depression in the Netherlands: Qualitative analysis of positive and negative effects.","authors":"Nina K Vollbehr, Brian D Ostafin, Agna A Bartels-Velthuis, H J Rogier Hoenders","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Evidence of the benefits of yoga for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is mixed and results mainly from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Adding qualitative measures to RCTs may give additional insight into the range of outcomes experienced by participants. We therefore used qualitative measures to assess the positive and negative experiences of young women (18-34 years) with depression who received a 9-week mindful yoga intervention added to treatment as usual.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted qualitative interviews after a 12-month follow-up alongside an RCT in the Netherlands. Questions were open-ended and assessed experiences with mindful yoga reflecting positive or negative experiences. In addition, we explicitly asked about negative effects. Interviews were systematically analysed, and statements were placed in five domains (Affective, Cognitive, Conative, Somatic and Yoga Skills) and diverse subcategories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We collected qualitative interviews of 58 of the 88 participants randomized to mindful yoga (66%). The majority of participants had no previous experience with yoga (76.8%). Mean age was 24.68 (SD = 4.70). A little over half of the participants were employed (53.6%). All participants were diagnosed with current depression. Level of self-reported symptoms of depression was considered 'severe' and level of clinician-rated symptoms of depression was considered 'moderate'. For most participants, the current episode started 1-2 years ago (35.8%) or more than 2 years ago (34%). Of these 58 participants, 81.0% reported positive effects and 65.5% reported negative effects. Positive experiences consisted mostly of positive affect (56.9%), meta-cognition (44.8%) and general physical relaxation (41.4%). Negative experiences consisted mostly of meta-cognition (37.9%), agitation or irritability (20.7%) and physical inflexibility (12.0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most young women in the mindful yoga intervention experienced both positive and negative effects. In future research, broader measurements of positive effects and structural assessments of negative effects are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autobiographical memories as a window into affect, identity and relationship deficits in borderline personality disorder: A controlled investigation.","authors":"Emily L Matthews, Ely M Marceau, Brin F S Grenyer","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Early childhood autobiographical memories told by people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) may provide insight into emotional, identity and interpersonal functioning deficits underlying the disorder. We aimed to analyse verbatim transcripts of these memories coded by the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) and Experiencing Scale (EXP).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This study employed a controlled, between-subjects study design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-four individuals (32 with diagnosed BPD and 32 age- and gender-matched controls) were interviewed to generate autobiographical memories using the Adult Attachment Interview. The CCRT method was used to identify themes within relationships and was coded for self (identity) and other (interpersonal) processes, and the EXP scored capacity to communicate internal emotional experiences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were found between BPD and Control participants in their emotional, interpersonal and self-perceptions within autobiographical events. BPD self-descriptions were more psychologically rigid, with significantly lower EXP scores, suggesting poorer capacity to verbalize and emotionally integrate internal experiences and relationships. In addition, BPD participants' CCRTs had significantly less harmonious language, experiencing others as more attacking and less supportive and the self as more withdrawn and determined by others. Impairments were marked by a more helpless external locus of control in relationships.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Studying autobiographical narratives provided specific insight into core underlying deficits of BPD. Specifically, individuals with BPD may have more challenges in developing trust, fostering agency and managing negative expectations. The use of autobiographical memory recall to help inform individuals' relationship themes and internal emotional awareness could help tailor treatment for BPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anhedonia and its sub-component processes predict clinically significant symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and loneliness in young people.","authors":"Katie Prizeman, Ciara McCabe","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Anhedonia, a core symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), is a risk factor for future depressive episodes and is associated with social withdrawal, which may contribute to loneliness-another risk factor for depression. Understanding how anhedonia and its sub-component processes relate to depression and loneliness could reveal key targets for intervention development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 275 young people (M_age: 20.50) with clinically significant symptoms of depression, indicated by scores ≥27 on the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). Participants completed the Anhedonia Scale for Adolescents (ASA) and its three subscales: ASA-S1 (Enjoyment, Excitement, and Emotional Flattening); ASA-S2 (Enthusiasm, Connection, and Purpose); ASA-S3 (Effort, Motivation, and Drive); and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA) at baseline and at four-month follow-up (N = 173). Multiple regression analyses examined the relationships between anhedonia, MDD, and loneliness, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cross-sectionally, the ASA total scores (β = .655, p < .001), ASA-S1 (β = .586, p < .001), and ASA-S3 (β = .153, p = .034) were associated with MDD. ASA total scores (β = .651, p < .001), ASA-S1 (β = .397, p < .001), ASA-S2 (β = .196, p < .001), and ASA-S3 (β = .176, p = .018) were associated with loneliness. Longitudinally, ASA total scores (β = .485, p < .001) and ASA-S1 (β = .298, p = .008) predicted MDD, while ASA-S2 showed a trend toward predicting loneliness (β = .099, p = .058).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights how specific anhedonia sub-component processes predict increases in clinically significant symptoms of MDD and loneliness among young people, informing the development of more targeted treatments for anhedonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing mentalization in practice: Reliability of the mentalization-based treatment research adherence and competence scale.","authors":"Karen Yirmiya, Sophie Marjoribanks, Peter Fonagy, Anthony Bateman","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT) requires rigorous fidelity assessment to ensure accurate delivery and validate treatment efficacy. This study introduces the Mentalization-Based Treatment Research Adherence and Competence Scale (MBT-RACS), a new instrument developed initially for research purposes to align with contemporary MBT principles and address psychometric and conceptual limitations found in earlier adherence assessment approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Inter-rater reliability of the MBT-RACS was evaluated using 126 recorded MBT sessions (104 group, 22 individual), rated by 17 trained coders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated strong overall reliability, with most domains demonstrating good to excellent inter-rater agreement across both group and individual sessions, irrespective of ratings from two or three raters. Total adherence intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were notably high for both group (.84) and individual (.95) sessions rated by two coders, substantially exceeding the reliability typically reported for comparable adherence instruments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that the MBT-RACS's format, which emphasizes broader, clinically meaningful domains, may contribute to improved consistency in ratings. The scale's robust reliability supports its applicability in research and clinical supervision, enhancing methodological rigour, quality assurance and targeted feedback for effective MBT training and implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bidirectional association between psychotic-like experiences and problematic Internet use: A large-sample longitudinal study among Chinese adolescents.","authors":"Dan Chen, Yifan Zhang, Luowei Bu, Haoxian Ye, Dongfang Wang, Fang Fan","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are associated with problematic Internet use (PIU), but empirical studies on the causal relationships between both are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the bidirectional associations between PLEs and PIU through a large prospective study involving Chinese adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 27,260 adolescents (M_age = 14.3 ± 1.5 years; 47.8% of females) were assessed at baseline from December 17 to 12, 2021 (Time 1, T1) and 6 months later from May 17 to June 5, 2022 (Time 2, T2). The 8-item Positive Subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences and the Revised Chinese Internet Addiction Scale were used to assess PLEs and PIU, respectively. Socio-demographics at T1 and negative life events at T2 were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Binary logistic regression indicated that PLEs at baseline significantly increased the risk of incident PIU at the 6-month follow-up (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.25-1.66), even after adjusting for covariates. PIU at baseline was significantly associated with increased odds of incident PLEs at the 6-month follow-up (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.14-1.82). Moreover, similar associations were also observed in the PIU and subdimensions of PLEs, that is, hallucinatory experience and delusional experience.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated that the relationship between PLEs and PIU among adolescents was bidirectional. These findings have significant implications for educational and clinical strategies aimed at managing PIU and preventing PLEs among adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjective cognitive effort mediates the relationship between affective expectations and experienced pleasure in dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals.","authors":"Sarah J Horne, Leanne Quigley","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Research shows that expecting to enjoy an activity leads to greater enjoyment of that activity. This correspondence between expectations and experience extends to the context of depression, in which both expectations and experience of reward are diminished. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between affective expectations of reward and enjoyment of reward remain understudied. One candidate mechanism of such expectancy effects is effort expenditure for reward, which is also found to be diminished in depression. This study examined whether cognitive effort expenditure mediated the relationship between affective expectations of reward and experienced pleasure in response to reward in a sample of dysphoric (n = 85) and non-dysphoric (n = 79) participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following an unsuccessful expectancy manipulation (reported separately in Horne & Quigley, Cogn. Ther. Res., 2024), participants rated how much pleasure they expected to experience upon earning a monetary reward during a cognitive effort progressive ratio task in which greater reward could be earned by expending greater effort. After completing the task, participants rated how much pleasure they experienced upon earning the reward and how much effort they felt they exerted.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>We found that subjective, but not objective, effort expenditure mediated the relationship between expected and experienced pleasure, and this was true for both dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants. Anhedonia was a significant moderator, such that the mediated effect was only significant at moderate and high levels of anhedonia. Implications for the treatment of depression are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting self-perceived risk of suicide: A Bayesian multilevel analysis of suicide status form constructs using ambulatory assessment.","authors":"Jessica L Gerner, Abby A Mandel, Raymond P Tucker, David A Jobes","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Collaborative Assessment of Suicidality (CAMS) is an effective clinical framework to treat suicidal thoughts and behaviours. CAMS employs the Suicide Status Form (SSF) to monitor suicide risk factors across sessions. The first six items (termed the SSF Core Assessment) include psychological pain, stress, agitation, hopelessness, self-hate and self-reported overall behavioural risk for suicide. The first five are theoretically derived risk factors. While CAMS employs session-by-session tracking, no research has investigated how the five risk factors vary together and concurrently and prospectively predict self-perceived suicide risk when assessed via ambulatory assessment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Undergraduates (n = 52) with past-2-week suicidal ideation completed 5 ambulatory assessment surveys of the SSF Core Assessment variables daily over 10 days. Descriptive and variability statistics were used to describe the core assessment constructs. Multilevel models were used to examine how the first five items predicted overall behavioural risk of suicide.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Each of the SSF Core Assessment variables demonstrated variability over the study period, with stress exhibiting the greatest and overall risk the lowest variability. Self-hate and hopelessness concurrently predicted self-reported overall risk for suicide within the same model. Only self-hate and agitation were significantly prospectively predictive of overall behavioural risk, even after controlling for suicidal ideation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study to provide insight into the short-term variability and predictive capabilities of the SSF Core Assessment constructs. Each construct varies considerably over short time scales, suggesting that more frequent monitoring of these constructs may be an important consideration within future CAMS treatment research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144627474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Illness anxiety disorder: A qualitative study of people with health anxiety and their experiences seeking and avoiding medical care.","authors":"Katarina Kikas, Aliza Werner-Seidler, Brittany Corkish, Emily Upton, Monique Holden, Jill M Newby","doi":"10.1111/bjc.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Illness anxiety disorder (IAD) has two subtypes in the DSM-5: 'care-seeking' and 'care-avoidant', with a third subtype, 'care fluctuating' identified in previous research. This study explores the experiences of individuals with IAD when seeking and avoiding medical care.</p><p><strong>Design and methods: </strong>We recruited self-identified health-anxious individuals via online social media advertisements. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and a diagnostic interview assessing IAD and comorbidities. Participants meeting IAD criteria (N = 37, mean age = 39, 76% female) completed a qualitative interview about their experiences seeking and avoiding medical care, analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants reported that internal and external factors influenced help-seeking behaviours. Internal factors were physical symptoms, worry, fear, reassurance-seeking, and the motivation to stay healthy for their children. External factors included past experiences with health professionals, cost of care, and a busy lifestyle. Worry about missing a serious disease, symptom severity, and emotional fatigue from repeated care-seeking contributed to fluctuations in help-seeking. Negative past experiences with health professionals also impacted willingness to seek medical care.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reasons behind different help-seeking behaviours in IAD are complex. This study provides insight into the help-seeking experiences of individuals with IAD and the factors influencing these behaviours, which can inform targeted treatment approaches for IAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":48211,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}