International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Police Job Stress, Workload and Burnout in Nigeria: The Tired and Frustrated Cops. 尼日利亚警察的工作压力、工作量和职业倦怠:疲惫和沮丧的警察。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X241270558
Cyril O Ugwuoke, Monday O Stephen, Michael I Ugwueze, Vincent C Onah, Fidelis Akwaji
{"title":"Police Job Stress, Workload and Burnout in Nigeria: The Tired and Frustrated Cops.","authors":"Cyril O Ugwuoke, Monday O Stephen, Michael I Ugwueze, Vincent C Onah, Fidelis Akwaji","doi":"10.1177/0306624X241270558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X241270558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Job stress is a critical factor of concern in police work across the world. While frustrations, exhaustion and emotional burnout in work places, particularly as they relate to police job, have been academically emphasized in more advanced climes, they are marginally addressed in less developed societies like Nigeria. Thus, this paper examines the psychological and physical impacts of job stress, workload, and burnout among police officers in Nigeria. Using a nation-wide cross-sectional survey involving 528 police personnel, this paper notes that the police in Nigeria work longer hours than normal, including working under tensions with poor logistics that expose them to dangers on regular basis. This increases their level of frustrations, exhaustion and emotional burnout in work places besides greatly impacting their service delivery. To ensure effective performance of the police in an atmosphere of increasing complex crime networks, therefore, the study recommends clear strategies for improving police wellbeing.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"306624X241270558"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Criminogenic and Non-Criminogenic Factors and Their Association With Reintegration Success for Individuals Under Judicial Orders in Canada. 加拿大司法命令下的个人的犯罪诱因和非犯罪诱因及其与重返社会成功率的关系。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X241270603
Sandy Jung, Mackenzie L Thomas, Chella M Robles, Gregory Kitura
{"title":"Criminogenic and Non-Criminogenic Factors and Their Association With Reintegration Success for Individuals Under Judicial Orders in Canada.","authors":"Sandy Jung, Mackenzie L Thomas, Chella M Robles, Gregory Kitura","doi":"10.1177/0306624X241270603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X241270603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Justice-involved individuals who reach the end of their full prison sentence no longer benefit from the supervision and rehabilitation services offered by probation or parole. Some of these individuals, who have been assessed to be a high risk for sexual and violent reoffending and deemed to pose a significant violence risk in the community if released, are placed on a judicial order in Canada, and police are asked to supervise and manage the risk of these individuals. In the current study, the files of 45 high-risk, justice-involved individuals, who completed their sentences, were released from a Canadian prison into the province of Alberta, and supervised by police under a judicial order, were reviewed for the presence of criminogenic and non-criminogenic needs over the first year of release. The associations between these needs and proximal reintegration outcomes were examined. Our findings revealed that basic needs and responsivity issues were prevalent in the early part of supervision; however, these factors were unrelated to proximal reintegration success. In contrast, criminogenic needs were prevalent and associated with poorer reintegration. This study reinforces the role that police can play in monitoring and addressing criminogenic needs with the goal of reducing recidivism and employing the help of non-police supports to address non-criminogenic needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"306624X241270603"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Substance Use Treatment for Indigenous Offenders: The Effects of Race on Drug Court Treatment Outcomes. 土著罪犯的药物使用治疗:种族对毒品法庭治疗结果的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X241270585
Jenna L Borseth, Andrew J Myer, Brandon Hunter
{"title":"Substance Use Treatment for Indigenous Offenders: The Effects of Race on Drug Court Treatment Outcomes.","authors":"Jenna L Borseth, Andrew J Myer, Brandon Hunter","doi":"10.1177/0306624X241270585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X241270585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With drug offenders making up a large portion of cases in the criminal justice system, efforts to reduce recidivism among this population has been a sizable topic within research. Within this literature, drug courts continue to be shown to be an effective method of dealing with substance use offenders. The current study seeks to examine whether drug courts are similarly effective in treating White and Native American offenders. To do so, a quasi-experimental study with a matched comparison group is used to compare the 1- and 2-year recidivism rates of White and Native drug court participants. Results indicate that there are significant demographic differences between the two groups which lead to higher recidivism rates among Native American participants. However, once demographic and other control variables are accounted for, recidivism rates are not significantly different. Further implications of these findings are discussed in the conclusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"306624X241270585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effects of Psychopathy Facets on Treatment Involvement. 精神变态面相对参与治疗的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X241270593
Anna Vasaturo, Sonja Krstic, Raymond A Knight
{"title":"The Effects of Psychopathy Facets on Treatment Involvement.","authors":"Anna Vasaturo, Sonja Krstic, Raymond A Knight","doi":"10.1177/0306624X241270593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X241270593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study explored the relations between patient characteristics and psychopathic traits in predicting treatment involvement. We rated treatment involvement using detailed archival clinical files of 218 individuals committed to the Massachusetts Treatment Center (MTC). Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) scores had been rated from a previous study on the same sample. Overall, PCL-R Facets 2 and 4 significantly predicted decreases in treatment involvement, suggesting the characteristics associated with these facets have the most disruptive effects on treatment involvement. Exploratory analyses were also conducted assessing the relations between the PCL-R facets and the individual treatment involvement components. Whereas Facet 2 significantly predicted lower levels in all three individual treatment involvement components, Facet 4 only significantly predicted lower levels in two, highlighting the differentiating effects of these facets. Identifying the components that have either positive or negative effects on treatment involvement can allow clinicians to tailor treatments to optimize treatment involvement and outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"306624X241270593"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exposure to Childhood Adversity and Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of Incarcerated Women in Australia. 澳大利亚被监禁妇女样本中的童年逆境与亲密伴侣暴力。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X241270577
Louise Fischer, Mandy Wilson, Peter W Schofield, Jocelyn Jones, Azar Kariminia, Emma Barrett, Kimberlie Dean, Elizabeth Sullivan, Stephanie Covington, Tony Butler
{"title":"Exposure to Childhood Adversity and Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of Incarcerated Women in Australia.","authors":"Louise Fischer, Mandy Wilson, Peter W Schofield, Jocelyn Jones, Azar Kariminia, Emma Barrett, Kimberlie Dean, Elizabeth Sullivan, Stephanie Covington, Tony Butler","doi":"10.1177/0306624X241270577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X241270577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Women who use violence represent one of the fastest growing groups within the Australian prisoner population, including Aboriginal women who are more likely to be incarcerated than non-Aboriginal women for violent crimes. Many incarcerated women report histories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and intimate partner violence. This exploratory study examines baseline data from a sample of 167 women in 3 Western Australia women's prisons enrolled in a gender-specific violent behavior program. It describes their exposure to intimate partner violence, head injury, and childhood adversities. Overall, 94% of women had experienced at least one childhood adversity (median 6), and 94% reported being a victim of physical violence by a current or former intimate partner. Aboriginal women were more likely than non-Aboriginal women to report that a family member was incarcerated as a child (<i>p</i> = .001). There was an association between an increased number of ACEs and head injury with a loss of consciousness (<i>p</i> = .008). Overall, these results present a harrowing picture of childhood exposure to adversity and violence in adulthood. Successful rehabilitation of women incarcerated for violent crimes should be cognizant of the histories of extreme violence endured by most of these women.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"306624X241270577"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sexual Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities: An Exploratory Comparison Study in an Incarcerated U.S. Sample. 有智力障碍的性犯罪者:美国监禁样本的探索性比较研究。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X211066825
Perry A Callahan, Elizabeth L Jeglic, Cynthia Calkins
{"title":"Sexual Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities: An Exploratory Comparison Study in an Incarcerated U.S. Sample.","authors":"Perry A Callahan, Elizabeth L Jeglic, Cynthia Calkins","doi":"10.1177/0306624X211066825","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0306624X211066825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research indicates that individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are overrepresented among sexual offenders, and that those with ID might differ from those without ID in terms of the etiology of offending behavior. Despite this, few studies have explored ID using incarcerated U.S. samples. The present study sought to identify relevant characteristics of this population by comparing individuals with and without ID who are incarcerated in the U.S. for sexual offenses. Archival records for 3,066 participants were used to determine demographic, historical, and offense-related characteristics. Participants with ID, including those with borderline ID, comprised 19.1% of the sample and displayed elevated rates of adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology. Contrary to previous research, participants with ID were no more likely to offend against children than those without ID. These findings help to elucidate the etiology of offending behavior among those with ID and inform on potential targets for intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"1052-1073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39882654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Differentiating Categories of Violent Adolescent Offending and the Associated Risks in Police and Youth Offending Service Records. 区分警察和青少年犯罪服务记录中的暴力青少年犯罪类别及其相关风险。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X211058960
Sally-Ann Ashton, Michael Valentine, Bonnie Chan
{"title":"Differentiating Categories of Violent Adolescent Offending and the Associated Risks in Police and Youth Offending Service Records.","authors":"Sally-Ann Ashton, Michael Valentine, Bonnie Chan","doi":"10.1177/0306624X211058960","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0306624X211058960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Historical risk assessment forms for a sample of 173 males with a history of violent offending and under supervision by Merseyside Youth Offending Services (YOS) were investigated. Subsequent arrest records were scrutinised in order to obtain a better understanding of the relationship of social and psychological risk factors to offending behavior. The mean age of the sample at the point of contact with YOS was 16.01 (<i>SD</i> = 1.37) with a range between 12 and 18 years. Assault was associated with solo expressive offending, a history of domestic violence, low school attendance and an inability to control impulsivity and aggression. Robbery was associated instrumental and escalated violent offending, psychological disorders, and deviant groups, including family criminal involvement. Risk assessments by professionals and the young people indicated that substance misuse co-occurred with robbery. The findings suggest that solo offenders commit the majority of violent offences and that targeted interventions should distinguish between expressive and instrumental offending.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"1035-1051"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11264546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39690528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Change in Depression Severity Among Depressed Older Crime Victims. 抑郁的老年犯罪受害者抑郁严重程度的变化。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X241254686
Olivia Fiallo, Clare Culver, Caroline Galo, Jaquelin Berman, Tobi Abramson, Jo Anne Sirey
{"title":"Change in Depression Severity Among Depressed Older Crime Victims.","authors":"Olivia Fiallo, Clare Culver, Caroline Galo, Jaquelin Berman, Tobi Abramson, Jo Anne Sirey","doi":"10.1177/0306624X241254686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X241254686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The crime rates in urban centers are rising. The psychological impact of crime can range from distress to longstanding mental health impairment. Despite the rising crime rates and psychological impact on victims, little research has been conducted on older adult crime victims' mental health. In this manuscript we describe the profile of older adult crime victims in New York City referred for mental health services, their rates of depression, and the preliminary outcome data from a brief therapy intervention (PROTECT) targeting depression among victims. Building on prior research demonstrating the efficacy of PROTECT for depressive symptom reduction in elder <i>abuse</i> victims, the present study hypothesized elder <i>crime</i> victims who completed PROTECT therapy would demonstrate clinically meaningful depression symptom reduction as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Additionally, it was hypothesized that these clinically significant depression symptom reductions would be demonstrated regardless of sex, gender, victimization type, victimization frequency, or living status. The results demonstrate that 67.7% (21/31) of participants had a clinically significant reduction in PHQ-9 scores (<u>≥</u>5 points) upon completion of PROTECT. There were no significant group differences in clinically significant depression symptom reduction, suggesting that PROTECT is an effective intervention for a diverse sample of elder crime victims. Future research should focus on the mental health impact of crime against older adults and explore reductions in anxiety and PTSD symptoms among crime victims. Through our partnerships we aim to bridge the divide between victim service providers, and mental health service providers to assist victims to recover, heal, and thrive.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":" ","pages":"306624X241254686"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141753112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Relationship Between Atypical Sexual Fantasies, Behavior, and Pornography Consumption. 非典型性幻想、性行为与色情消费的关系。
IF 1.5 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X221086569
Ewa B Stefanska, Nicholas Longpré, Hayley Rogerson
{"title":"Relationship Between Atypical Sexual Fantasies, Behavior, and Pornography Consumption.","authors":"Ewa B Stefanska, Nicholas Longpré, Hayley Rogerson","doi":"10.1177/0306624X221086569","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0306624X221086569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paraphilia is a condition in which the sexual excitement relies on fantasizing and/or participating in unusual sexual behaviors although the line between \"normal\" and \"abnormal\" has been disputed. The project aimed to explore which sexual fantasies and behaviors are common and uncommon in the general population. Furthermore, the relationship between sexual fantasies, sexual behaviors, and problematic pornography consumption was examined. Finally, the impact of gender was assessed. Analyses were conducted on a sample of 139 participants. Correlations were found between fantasies, behaviors, and problematic pornography consumption. Furthermore, gender differences were found for both sexual fantasies and problematic pornography consumption. Finally, multiple regression revealed that age, gender [Men], fantasies, and behaviors were significant predictor of problematic pornography consumption. Those findings are in-line with previous studies which highlighted that the threshold to consider a sexual practice as being abnormal needs to be reconsidered on the basis of self-reported fantasies and behaviors in the general population.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":"1 1","pages":"915-935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11168019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41907604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Role of Gender Stereotypes, Sexual Myths, and Professional Experience on the Attitudes Toward Female-Perpetrated Sexual Abuse Among Turkish Professionals. 性别刻板印象、性神话和专业经验对土耳其专业人员对女性犯下的性虐待的态度的作用。
IF 1.5 4区 社会学
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-02 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X221086571
Seda Akdemir, Zeynep Belma Gölge
{"title":"The Role of Gender Stereotypes, Sexual Myths, and Professional Experience on the Attitudes Toward Female-Perpetrated Sexual Abuse Among Turkish Professionals.","authors":"Seda Akdemir, Zeynep Belma Gölge","doi":"10.1177/0306624X221086571","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0306624X221086571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies indicated that people tend to consider female-perpetrated sexual abuse (FPSA) less serious and damaging than male-perpetrated abuse (MPSA) and the possible roles of gender stereotypes on attitudes to minimize FPSA. This study aimed to explore the role of gender stereotypes and sexuality myths on the attitudes toward FPSA among professionals. A secondary aim was to explore the role of training and experience with child sexual abuse (CSA) cases on the attitudes toward FPSA. The sample consisted of Turkish professionals (<i>N</i> = 502), including mental health/social, health, and justice workers. The participants were recruited via a face-to-face online survey. The results of one-way ANOVAs showed that females and mental health/social workers were more likely to consider FPSA as a serious problem and believe the negative impact of abuse. A five-step hierarchical multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the experience with FPSA cases, belief in gender stereotypes, and myths about female sexuality accounted for 21.7% of the variance in the attitudes toward FPSA. Although the level of professional minimization of FPSA is above average, the influential roles of gender stereotypes and sexual myths on the attitudes toward FPSA exist among professionals. Our findings supported the necessity of additional training addressing gender stereotypes and sexual myths. Future studies should also be conducted with different populations and other influential possible factors on the attitudes toward FPSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":48041,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology","volume":"1 1","pages":"892-914"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42528961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信