Philosophy & Public Affairs最新文献_第3页

Demographic Objections to Epistocracy: A Generalization 对认识论的人口学反对：一个概括

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.1111/papa.12199

Sean Ingham, David Wiens

{"title":"Demographic Objections to Epistocracy: A Generalization","authors":"Sean Ingham, David Wiens","doi":"10.1111/papa.12199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12199","url":null,"abstract":"Several scholars have recently entertained proposals for “epistocracy,” a political regime in which decision-making power is concentrated in the hands of a society’s most informed and competent citizens. These proposals rest on the claim that we can expect better political outcomes if we exclude incompetent citizens from participating in political decisions because competent voters are more likely to vote “correctly” than incompetent voters. We develop what we call the objection from selection bias to epistocracy: a procedure that selects voters on the basis of their observed competence—as epistocracy does—will often be “biased” in the sense that competent voters will be, on average, more likely than incompetent voters to possess certain attributes that reduce the probability of voting correctly. Our objection generalizes the “demographic objection” discussed in previous literature, showing that the range of realistic scenarios in which epistocracy is vulnerable to selection bias is substantially broader than previous discussions appreciate. Our discussion also shows that previous discussions have obscured the force of the threat of selection bias. Since we lack reasons to believe that epistocratic proposals can avoid selection bias, we have no reason to seriously entertain epistocracy as a practical proposal.","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/papa.12199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48084383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Issue Information 问题信息

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/papa.12137

引用次数: 0

Limited Assurance 有限保证

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/papa.12196

Jed Lewinsohn

引用次数: 1

The Power of Numbers: On Agential Power‐With‐Others Without Power‐Over‐Others 数字的力量：论与他人的代理权力

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/papa.12197

A. Abizadeh

引用次数: 3

Ethical Consumerism, Democratic Values, and Justice 伦理消费主义、民主价值观与正义

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-05-27 DOI: 10.1111/PAPA.12191

Brian Berkey

{"title":"Ethical Consumerism, Democratic Values, and Justice","authors":"Brian Berkey","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12191","url":null,"abstract":": It is widely believed that just societies would be characterized by some combination of democratic political institutions and market-based economic institutions. Underlying the commitment to the combination of democracy and markets is the view that certain normatively significant outcomes in a society ought to be determined by democratic processes, while others ought to be determined by market processes. On this view, we have reason to object when market processes are employed in ways that circumvent democratic processes and affect outcomes that ought to be determined democratically. In this paper, I argue that Waheed Hussain’s recent account of the conditions that must be met in order for the use of market power in pursuit of social change to avoid conflict with democratic values is objectionably narrow, and offer an alternative account that avoids the problems that undermine his account without abandoning the requirement that democratic values be properly respected. The central feature of my account that makes this possible is a broader conception of democratic processes that includes public deliberation and debate aimed at shaping informal social norms and practices.","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"49 1","pages":"237-274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43470398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

On statistical criteria of algorithmic fairness 论算法公平性的统计标准

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1111/PAPA.12189

B. Hedden

{"title":"On statistical criteria of algorithmic fairness","authors":"B. Hedden","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12189","url":null,"abstract":"Predictive algorithms are playing an increasingly prominent role in society, being used to predict recidivism, loan repayment, job performance, and so on. With this increasing influence has come an increasing concern with the ways in which they might be unfair or biased against individuals in virtue of their race, gender, or, more generally, their group membership. Many purported criteria of algorithmic fairness concern statistical relationships between the algorithm’s predictions and the actual outcomes, for instance requiring that the rate of false positives be equal across the relevant groups. We might seek to ensure that algorithms satisfy all of these purported fairness criteria. But a series of impossibility results shows that this is impossible, unless base rates are equal across the relevant groups. What are we to make of these pessimistic results? I argue that none of the purported criteria, except for a calibration criterion, are necessary conditions for fairness, on the grounds that they can all be simultaneously violated by a manifestly fair and uniquely optimal predictive algorithm, even when base rates are equal. I conclude with some general reflections on algorithmic fairness.","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"49 1","pages":"209-231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47902939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 58

Taking offense: An emotion reconsidered 生气:一种重新考虑的情绪

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1111/PAPA.12188

E. McTernan

引用次数: 2

Issue Information 问题信息

IF 2.2 1区哲学

Philosophy & Public Affairs Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/papa.12135

引用次数: 0

In Defense of National Climate Change Responsibility: A Reply to the Fairness Objection 捍卫国家气候变化责任：对公平性异议的回应

IF 2.2 1区哲学