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Morality policy at the frontier of science: legislators’ views on germline engineering 科学前沿的道德政策：立法者对基因工程的看法
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae048
David R Johnson, Timothy L O’Brien
{"title":"Morality policy at the frontier of science: legislators’ views on germline engineering","authors":"David R Johnson, Timothy L O’Brien","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae048","url":null,"abstract":"Religion is increasingly relevant to science policy formation, but how lawmakers’ religious identities are related to their policy views remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we draw on a nationwide survey of state legislators (N = 691) to examine religious and ideological differences in support for germline gene editing (GGE) policy. GGE is an ideal context to examine the relationship between religion, politics, and science policy due to its contemporary salience and moral dimensions. Fixed-effects regressions show that religious differences do not directly explain differences in lawmakers’ support for this technology. However, lawmakers’ political ideologies moderate the relationship between religion and support for GGE. Among the least religious lawmakers, the results reveal only minor differences in liberals’ and conservatives’ support for GGE. Among the most religious lawmakers, however, liberals are nearly five times more likely than conservatives to support this technology.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diversity and directionality: friends or foes in sustainability transitions? 多样性和方向性：可持续性转型中的朋友还是敌人？
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae044
Brit M Bulah, Barbara van Mierlo, Koen Beumer, Alwin L Gerritsen, Simona O Negro, Marko P Hekkert, Laurens Klerkx
{"title":"Diversity and directionality: friends or foes in sustainability transitions?","authors":"Brit M Bulah, Barbara van Mierlo, Koen Beumer, Alwin L Gerritsen, Simona O Negro, Marko P Hekkert, Laurens Klerkx","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae044","url":null,"abstract":"Literature on mission-specific innovation systems (MIS) highlights the crucial role of directionality when achieving sustainability transitions, while diversity literature emphasizes the need to keep diverse directions open. Like directionality, diversity is created by innovation system actors to tackle the complex and uncertain nature of transitions. While these two literature strands are presented largely independent of one another, both are deemed necessary to achieve sociotechnical transitions. We thus aim to uncover how diversity and directionality unfold in parallel in a MIS. We conduct a qualitative single-case study of the Wageningen alternative protein ecosystem to provide insights into the types of sociotechnological trajectories actors pursue and how different selection environments shape the development of each solution. We observe a mission exhibiting a clear direction toward (meat) substitutes. Underlying this mission, diversity is visible. We propose that the interplay between diversity and directionality in a MIS can be best understood by distinguishing two different sociotechnical “levels” in which they play out: the levels of transition paths (“first-order” directionality) and search directions (“second-order” directionality). We therefore call for a more nuanced understanding of the role of diversity and directionality in transitions.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Regulatory agencies as innovation enablers: a conceptualization 作为创新推动者的监管机构：概念化
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae049
Jaime Bonnin Roca
{"title":"Regulatory agencies as innovation enablers: a conceptualization","authors":"Jaime Bonnin Roca","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae049","url":null,"abstract":"Regulatory agencies are usually tasked with a dual mission of assessing the benefits and risks posed by products reaching the market, and ensuring the competitiveness of the industries they oversee. Although literature usually presents regulators as agents hampering innovation, that is not always the case. The purpose of this paper is to discuss, under which conditions, and why, regulatory agencies may enable innovation. I propose a conceptual framework to connect the literatures on regulatory processes and innovation processes. Based on this framework, I analyse three connections between the innovation and regulatory processes, which create opportunities for agencies’ innovation intermediation. I provide real-life examples of three different mechanisms through which such intermediation may take place, and propose four modes of intermediation which are characteristic of regulatory agencies.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The impact of winning funding on researcher productivity, results from a randomized trial 赢得资助对研究人员工作效率的影响--随机试验的结果
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae045
Adrian Barnett, Tony Blakely, Mengyao Liu, Luke Garland, Philip Clarke
{"title":"The impact of winning funding on researcher productivity, results from a randomized trial","authors":"Adrian Barnett, Tony Blakely, Mengyao Liu, Luke Garland, Philip Clarke","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae045","url":null,"abstract":"The return on investment of funding science has rarely been accurately measured. Previous estimates of the benefits of funding have used observational studies, including regression discontinuity designs. In 2013, the Health Research Council of New Zealand began awarding funding using a modified lottery, with an initial peer review stage followed by funding at random for short-listed applicants. This allowed us to compare research outputs between those awarded funding or not using a randomized experimental study design. The analysis included eighty-eight researchers who were followed for an average of 3.8 years of follow-up. The rate ratios (and 95 per cent credible intervals (CI)) for funding were 0.95 (95 per cent CI 0.67 to 1.39) for publications and 1.06 (95 per cent CI 0.79 to 1.43) for citations, showing no clear impact of funding on research outputs. The wider use of funding lotteries could provide robust estimates of the benefits of research funding to better inform science policy.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring the interplay between social distancing, innovation adoption, and privacy concerns amid the COVID-19 crisis 在 COVID-19 危机中探索社会疏远、创新采用和隐私问题之间的相互作用
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae024
Keungoui Kim, Sira Maliphol, Dongnyok Shim, Changjun Lee
{"title":"Exploring the interplay between social distancing, innovation adoption, and privacy concerns amid the COVID-19 crisis","authors":"Keungoui Kim, Sira Maliphol, Dongnyok Shim, Changjun Lee","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae024","url":null,"abstract":"Using the case of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a natural experiment, this study discusses how innovation policy should be designed in times of crisis when public interest and privacy concerns collide. For this purpose, the causal relationship between social distancing enforcement and innovation adoption in consideration of privacy concerns is explored by using national-level survey data. Our key findings from econometric analysis are as follows: first, the implementation of social distancing policies leads to an increase in the adoption of wearable devices. Second, the strengthening of social distancing has caused a decrease in individual privacy concerns. Finally, a decrease in individual privacy concerns leads to an increase in wearable device adoption. Social distancing during the COVID-19 not only accelerated innovation adoption but also led a decrease in privacy concerns. Our results suggest that government should play a role in safe guarding public privacy when individuals may let their guard down during times of crises.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Operation warp speed: Harbinger of American industrial innovation policies 曲速行动：美国工业创新政策的先兆
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae020
William B Bonvillian
{"title":"Operation warp speed: Harbinger of American industrial innovation policies","authors":"William B Bonvillian","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae020","url":null,"abstract":"Operation warp speed (OWS) was a crash effort from 2020 to 2021 to undertake the late-stage development, production, and distribution of vaccines for the coronavirus pandemic. The vaccines were developed, approved, and available in a record time of 8 months using an industrial policy approach. Mainstream economists have long opposed industrial policy approaches as market interference, unless they can be justified by clear market failures. The nation has long had industrial economic policies in such areas as defense, health, transport, and agriculture. However, interventionist policies on the non-defense innovation side of the economy after the research stage have generally been avoided. OWS was a departure, an industrial innovation policy. OWS built a new organization with officials from major health science, regulatory, public health, and research agencies as well as the Defense Department. Elements of its program included: supporting a portfolio of different technology platforms, guaranteed contracts that enable production to evolve alongside development, flexible contracting mechanisms that enabled rapid procurement and intervention into supply chains, rapid technology certification that assured the new vaccines of rapid market entry, mapping supply chains and filling gaps to assure rapid production and distribution, and major product distribution. The elements applied in OWS amount to a new tool kit potentially relevant to other areas, and the USA is now pursuing a series of these in other technology fields.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Policy responses to the rise of global OTT platforms in Korea 韩国应对全球 OTT 平台崛起的对策
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae021
Min Sung Kim, Seongcheol Kim
{"title":"Policy responses to the rise of global OTT platforms in Korea","authors":"Min Sung Kim, Seongcheol Kim","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae021","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing measures sparked a surge in demand and unprecedented growth opportunities for OTT (over-the-top) services. Despite the need to foster Korea’s domestic media and cultural industry, the Korean government has almost failed to properly operate OTT policies and the opportunity went to global operators. Although Korea’s content competitiveness has advanced to a global level, local OTTs continue to lag Netflix. This is not a concern confined to Korea. This paper identifies the focal actors of Korea’s local OTT platforms, analyzes the developmental phases of the Korean OTT market, and draws policy-related and industrial implications by ascertaining, which factors hinder local OTT services from achieving their desired development, within the context of the actor-network theory. This paper offers a fresh perspective on the policy responses to the rise of global OTT platforms and the downturn of local OTT platforms in Korea.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SME digital transformation and the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of a hard-hit metropolitan area 中小企业数字化转型与 COVID-19 大流行病：重灾区大都市案例研究
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae023
Adelheid Holl, Ruth Rama
{"title":"SME digital transformation and the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of a hard-hit metropolitan area","authors":"Adelheid Holl, Ruth Rama","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae023","url":null,"abstract":"Cities and regions are facing diverse challenges, and the transformation to a digital economy is a core issue. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had widespread impacts on business, and it has heightened the need for digitalization. We analyse if and to what degree the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the metropolitan region of Madrid. Our research strategy is based on a quantitative analysis of survey data at the company level. Our results show that a large share of SMEs invested in digital technologies as a response to the pandemic, but there are also important differences between basic and more advanced digital technologies and between manufacturing and service sector firms. SMEs’ previous knowledge and technological resources and capabilities, as well as their collaboration networks with providers are found to trigger adoption of digital technology. Implications for postpandemic policies are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innovation policy responses to address vulnerabilities of national innovation systems: long-lasting impacts of COVID-19 应对国家创新体系脆弱性的创新政策：COVID-19 的长期影响
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae025
Sira Maliphol, Anwar Aridi, Jeong-Dong Lee, Thomas Woodson
{"title":"Innovation policy responses to address vulnerabilities of national innovation systems: long-lasting impacts of COVID-19","authors":"Sira Maliphol, Anwar Aridi, Jeong-Dong Lee, Thomas Woodson","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae025","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue explores the vulnerabilities of national innovation systems (NIS) which were exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent policy responses. New technologies and solutions were needed such as new drugs, medical equipment, and treatments, and new innovative institutions, organizations, and capabilities were needed to respond quickly, develop, and offset the acute demand. While some policy responses were effective, others fell short or were completely absent. The phenomenon provided a unique opportunity to uncover how governments and industry sought to mitigate the negative impacts and to prepare for future crises by building more resilient NIS. The five articles included in this special issue identify some of the vulnerabilities of NIS, suggesting that greater research on the resilience of NIS is needed if we were to weather future crises more effectively. Subsequent policy implications for innovation systems are drawn to address the vulnerabilities highlighted.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
US AI data centers and deployment challenges for small modular reactors: proposed regulatory policy recommendations 美国人工智能数据中心和小型模块化反应堆的部署挑战：拟议监管政策建议
IF 2.7 4区 管理学
Science and Public Policy Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scae040
Thomas A Hemphill
{"title":"US AI data centers and deployment challenges for small modular reactors: proposed regulatory policy recommendations","authors":"Thomas A Hemphill","doi":"10.1093/scipol/scae040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae040","url":null,"abstract":"Global demand by cloud vendors, financial institutions, and telecommunication companies for commercially owned and operated data centers is accelerating in recent years. Given this increase in energy supply required to meet US artificial intelligence (AI) technology consumer demand, the paper addresses state-of-the-art traditional data centers and their capacity transition to process AI technologies. Subsequently, the paper explains the potential for small modular (nuclear) reactors—and specifically a subset, micro modular reactors (MMRs)—to generate the increasing energy demanded for AI processing capabilities, including the potential of quantum computing, through 2035 and beyond. Lastly, the paper identifies a primary regulatory policy challenge—the federal regulatory construction review/permitting process—that hinders an environmentally sustainable source of nuclear energy to power such AI data centers and offers policy recommendations to assist in meeting this federal regulatory policy challenge and encourages the deployment of MMR technologies.","PeriodicalId":47975,"journal":{"name":"Science and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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