Vaastav Anand, Zhiqiang Xie, Matheus Stolet, Roberta De Viti, Thomas Davidson, Reyhaneh Karimipour, Safya Alzayat, Jonathan Mace
{"title":"The Odd One Out: Energy is Not Like Other Metrics","authors":"Vaastav Anand, Zhiqiang Xie, Matheus Stolet, Roberta De Viti, Thomas Davidson, Reyhaneh Karimipour, Safya Alzayat, Jonathan Mace","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630627","url":null,"abstract":"Energy requirements for datacenters are growing at a fast pace. Existing techniques for making datacenters efficient focus on hardware. However, the gain in energy efficiency that can be achieved without making the applications energy-aware is limited. To overcome this limitation, recent work has proposed making the software running in datacenters energy aware. To do so, we must be able to track energy consumption at various granularities at the software level - (i) process level; (ii) application level; (iii) end-to-end request level. Currently, existing software energy-tracking techniques primarily focus on tracking energy at the process or application level; only a few techniques track energy at an end-to-end request level. However, not tracking energy at an end-to-end request level can lead to false software optimizations and cause a decrease in energy efficiency. To track energy at an end-to-end request level, we can leverage end-to-end tracking techniques for other metrics such as distributed tracing. However, we posit that energy cannot be treated as just another metric and that we cannot use existing frameworks without modifications. In this paper, we discuss how energy is different from other metrics and describe an energy-tracking workflow that leverages these differences and tracing techniques in order to track energy consumption of end-to-end requests.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metrics for Sustainability in Data Centers","authors":"Anshul Gandhi, Dongyoon Lee, Zhenhua Liu, Shuai Mu, Erez Zadok, Kanad Ghose, Kartik Gopalan, Yu David Liu, Syed Rafiul Hussain, Patrick Mcdaniel","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630622","url":null,"abstract":"Despite several calls from the community for improving the sustainability of computing, sufficient progress is yet to be made on one of the key prerequisites of sustainable computing---the ability to define and measure computing sustainability holistically. This position paper proposes metrics that aim to measure the end-to-end sustainability footprint in data centers. To enable useful sustainable computing efforts, these metrics can track the sustainability footprint at various granularities---from a single request to an entire data center. The proposed metrics can also broadly influence sustainable computing practices by incentivizing end-users and developers to participate in sustainable computing efforts in data centers.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding Embodied Emissions","authors":"David Irwin, Prashant Shenoy","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630615","url":null,"abstract":"Decarbonizing societal infrastructure, including computing, has emerged as a grand challenge for the 21st century, and thus has seen increasing research attention in recent years. Reducing the carbon emissions of societal infrastructure, whether it be a commercial building or cloud datacenter, generally has two important aspects: reducing operational emissions---the carbon emissions from day-to-day operations---and reducing embodied emissions---the carbon emissions from construction and deployment. These different types of emissions are formally defined for companies in the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG) as (i) Scope 1 emissions, which represent a company's direct emissions, e.g., from directly burning fossil fuels, (ii) Scope 2 emissions, which represent a company's indirect emissions from purchasing and using energy, primarily in the form of electricity, and (iii) Scope 3 emissions, which are indirect emissions that result from all other upstream and downstream activities, such as from purchased goods and services. Collectively, Scopes 1 and 2 capture a company's operational emissions, while Scope 3 captures its embodied emissions.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noman Bashir, David Irwin, Prashant Shenoy, Abel Souza
{"title":"Sustainable Computing - Without the Hot Air","authors":"Noman Bashir, David Irwin, Prashant Shenoy, Abel Souza","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630623","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for computing is continuing to grow exponentially. This growth will translate to exponential growth in computing's energy consumption unless improvements in its energy-efficiency can outpace increases in its demand. Yet, after decades of research, further improving energy-efficiency is becoming increasingly challenging, as it is already highly optimized. As a result, at some point, increases in computing demand are likely to outpace increases in its energy-efficiency, potentially by a wide margin. Such exponential growth, if left unchecked, will position computing as a substantial contributor to global carbon emissions. While prominent technology companies have recognized the problem and sought to reduce their carbon emissions, they understandably focus on their successes, which has the potential to inadvertently convey the false impression that this is now, or will soon be, a solved problem. Such false impressions can be counterproductive if they serve to discourage further research in this area, since, as we discuss, eliminating computing's, and more generally society's, carbon emissions is far from a solved problem. To better understand the problem's scope, this paper distills the fundamental trends that determine computing's carbon footprint and their implications for achieving sustainable computing.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bilge Acun, Benjamin Lee, Fiodar Kazhamiaka, Aditya Sundarrajan, Kiwan Maeng, Manoj Chakkaravarthy, David Brooks, Carole-Jean Wu
{"title":"Carbon Dependencies in Datacenter Design and Management","authors":"Bilge Acun, Benjamin Lee, Fiodar Kazhamiaka, Aditya Sundarrajan, Kiwan Maeng, Manoj Chakkaravarthy, David Brooks, Carole-Jean Wu","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630619","url":null,"abstract":"Building a sustainable datacenter requires coordinated decisions in its design and system management. Existing research work on datacenter sustainability often considers the design space in isolation and misses opportunities to minimize carbon footprint through coordinated design and management where sustainability is a first-class objective. Design decisions such as datacenter site selection, renewable energy investment portfolios, and the provisioning of energy storage are intertwined with complementary solutions for operation, including various forms of demand response and carbon-aware workload management. In this paper, we advocate for holistic frameworks that take into account both operational and embodied carbon to coordinate between datacenter design and system management decisions.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Sustainable Serverless Computing","authors":"Prateek Sharma","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630624","url":null,"abstract":"Serverless computing has rapidly emerged as a popular deployment model. However, its energy and carbon implications are unclear and require exploration. This paper takes a look at the fundamental distinguishing attributes of serverless functions, and shows how some of them make energy-efficiency challenging. The programming model and deployment requirements of serverless functions makes them terribly energy inefficient---consuming more than 15× energy compared to conventional web services. On the bright side, FaaS is still actively expanding, and there is also an opportunity for rethinking FaaS resource management and deployment models, and make carbon efficiency a primary consideration. We present a few such techniques: moving functions to energy-friendly locations in distributed edge clouds; machine learning based modeling and control; and function-level demand response that combines ideas from approximate computing. Together, these represent a possible path forward to making serverless cloud computing sustainable.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noa Zilberman, Eve M. Schooler, Uri Cummings, Rajit Manohar, Dawn Nafus, Robert Soulé, Rick Taylor
{"title":"Toward Carbon-Aware Networking","authors":"Noa Zilberman, Eve M. Schooler, Uri Cummings, Rajit Manohar, Dawn Nafus, Robert Soulé, Rick Taylor","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630618","url":null,"abstract":"Data transmission tends to be neglected when considering the carbon efficiency of systems, even though the electricity usage of data networks as a whole is as large, or larger, than that of data centers. Accounting for carbon cost of the movement of data is hard, and is often assumed to be the responsibility of the receiver or an intermediate provider. To be able to account for the carbon footprint of networks, mutually agreed metrics are required, covering the end-to-end environmental cost of data transmission and up-the-stack network software costs of data processing, rather than merely the independent network devices. Beyond discussing the considerations for defining these metrics, this paper suggests building upon existing practices, such as network telemetry, programmable network elements and cost-aware routing to enable carbon-intelligent networking, a concept that goes beyond network energy efficiency and considers the impact of energy decarbonization on the routing and scheduling of data transmission.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenpeng Wang, Victor A. Leal Sobral, Md Fazlay Rabbi Masum Billah, Nurani Saoda, Nabeel Nasir, Bradford Campbell
{"title":"Low Power but High Energy: The Looming Costs of Billions of Smart Devices","authors":"Wenpeng Wang, Victor A. Leal Sobral, Md Fazlay Rabbi Masum Billah, Nurani Saoda, Nabeel Nasir, Bradford Campbell","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630617","url":null,"abstract":"Individually, wall-powered Internet of Things devices are small: in form factor, in complexity, in function, and in power draw. However, at scale, and certainly at the scale optimistic forecasters project, these small devices add up to be a big energy problem. Just adding a single two watt sensor to each US building would add to more annual energy consumption than some small countries. Wall-powered IoT devices are also easier to create than their energy-constrained (i.e. battery-powered) counterparts, and marketed as more convenient (no hub required!), leading to their continued growth. Yet, unlike other energy consuming devices, there are no Energy Star (or equivalent) standards for smart devices. Despite having very infrequent active times, they draw power for functions like AC-DC conversion, wireless communication, and wakeup word detection continuously. Further, the discrete nature of devices and siloed nature of IoT ecosystems leads to significant redundancy in IoT devices. We posit that new techniques are needed to reverse this trend. This includes new techniques for auditing devices, systems that leverage existing devices rather than requiring new ones, and architectures that have less reliance on the cloud (and the energy overhead of network usage and cloud compute). The IoT is pitched to improve energy efficiency and reduce users' carbon footprints, but we need a new research agenda to ensure the devices themselves are not the next problem.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Internet of Tomorrow Must Sleep More and Grow Old","authors":"Romain Jacob, Laurent Vanbever","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630620","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the ICT industry has a massive carbon footprint (a few percent of worldwide emissions) and one of the fastest growth rates. The Internet accounts for a large part of that footprint while being also energy inefficient; i.e. , the total energy cost per byte transmitted is very high. Thankfully, there are many ways to improve the current status; we discuss two relatively unexplored directions in this paper. Putting network devices to \"sleep,\" i.e. , turning them off, is known to be an efficient vector to save energy; we argue that harvesting this potential requires new routing protocols, better suited to devices switching on/off often, and revising the corresponding hardware/software co-design. Moreover, we can reduce the embodied carbon footprint by using networking hardware longer, and we argue that this could even be beneficial for reliability! We sketch our first ideas in these directions and outline practical challenges that we (as a community) need to address to make the Internet more sustainable.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Something Old, Something New: Extending the Life of CPUs in Datacenters","authors":"Amanda Tomlinson, George Porter","doi":"10.1145/3630614.3630625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3630614.3630625","url":null,"abstract":"Datacenter operators are increasingly powering their operations with low-carbon energy sources such as wind and solar. As a result, the overall carbon footprint of datacenters increasingly comes from the manufacturing phase of server lifecycles. The most direct way to reduce the environmental impact of datacenters is to amortize the manufacturing emissions of hardware over longer timespans by keeping hardware in production beyond today's relatively short refresh cycles. In this paper we analyze the feasibility of server lifespan extension in datacenters using a series of microbenchmarks. We find that while newer processors outperform older ones, the difference is workload dependent, with some workloads showing promise for older CPUs. We also analyze the potential of incorporating overclocking to further extend server lifespans.","PeriodicalId":479448,"journal":{"name":"Energy informatics review","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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