Journal of Biosocial Science最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of infant mortality and family-based risk factors in a preindustrial Austrian population: 1630-1908.","authors":"Alina Gavrus-Ion, Mireia Esparza, Torstein Sjøvold, Miguel Hernández, Neus Martínez-Abadías, Esther Esteban","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infant mortality, a reflection of socioeconomic and health conditions of a population, is shaped by diverse factors. This study delves into a pre-industrial population, scrutinizing neonatal and post-neonatal deaths separately. Family factors such as mortality crises, religion, and legitimacy are also explored. Data of 9,086 people obtained through multigenerational information from ecclesiastic records from 1603 to 1908 were analysed by means of a joinpoint regression analysis. Death risk was assessed with univariate and multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard models. Early neonatal mortality was 5.6% of births and showed a gradual and steady increase from 1630 to 1908, with no substantial improvement over the three centuries analysed. Late neonatal (4.3% of births) and post-neonatal mortality (18.7% of births) shared a different pattern, showing a decline between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries, and an increase by the 20th century that could be caused by socioeconomic factors and the impact of several epidemics. In the historical population of Hallstatt, infant survival was influenced by the sex of the newborn, the death of the mother and the precedent sibling, and by the birth interval. Environmental and cultural factors, such as mortality crises and religion, influenced late neonatal and post-neonatal mortality, but not early neonatal mortality. The results highlight the need to independently assess early neonatal mortality in studies of infant mortality in historical populations, and to use as complete time periods as possible to capture differences in mortality patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is innovative in qualitative methods in birth Cohort studies? A scoping review.","authors":"Daniella Watson, Taylor Riley, Carola Tize, Tatiane Muniz, Sahra Gibbon, Michelle Pentecost","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Longitudinal birth cohort research provides a glimpse into the biological and social trajectories of a cohort of people, which helps us to better understand how to improve health and social outcomes. While qualitative longitudinal, ethnographic, and other qualitative research methods are increasingly used to capture complex data in trials and cohort research, they are relatively less common, and they vary greatly within and across cohorts and national contexts. The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the use of qualitative and innovative methods in longitudinal preconception and birth cohort studies. Innovative methods, defined by Mannell and Davis (2019), go beyond standard surveys, interviews, and focus groups. The review summarises the literature of the integration of qualitative methods into birth cohort methodologies. Five databases were searched systematically, using MeSH and free text terms, for articles published in English before October 2022. Two-thirds of titles, abstracts, and full-text papers were screened by independent reviewers. Data extraction followed the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines and was based on features of qualitative methods from the COREQ checklist. 43 papers were included from the 13909 papers identified from the database search. The majority of the birth cohort studies used 'traditional qualitative methods' such as focus groups and one-to-one interviews. The studies that used 'innovative qualitative methods' included participatory interviews with photovoice, photographs, and using scenario and story cards, and while not a steadfast requirement of innovation, often included coproduction between the researchers and the participants. Although the literature reports challenges in conducting innovative methods within birth studies such as time and power imbalances between researcher and participant, these methods can help us better understand how to improve social and health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling biosocial dynamics? The placenta as a postgenomic bio-object in environmental epigenetic research on air pollution.","authors":"Sophia Rossmann, Ruth Müller","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution exposure and its health effects are a central concern of environmental epigenetic research with birth cohorts. This article explores why researchers have turned to the placenta as a research object to study the dynamic interactions between in utero exposure to air pollution and future child health. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies, particularly the bio-object concept, this article analyses the transformation of the placenta into a technologically manipulated postgenomic bio-object through scientific discourse and practice. Building on ethnographic fieldwork conducted at an institute of epidemiology and public health in Spain, we analyse how researchers deal with the tension between the placenta's promises for epigenetic research and the practical research realities in postgenomic sciences. First, researchers discursively call upon the placenta as a suitable research object that embodies air pollution exposure and becomes entangled with and responds to this exposure via epigenetic changes. Studying the placenta promises to elucidate the temporally dynamic and environmentally embedded process of disease development as one of postgenomics' core epistemic concerns. Second, in practice, however, accessing and preparing the postpartum placenta for epigenetic analysis defies its promise as a postgenomic bio-object. The constraints of research with birth cohorts, such as only having access to the postpartum placenta at birth, limit what researchers can know about the dynamic process of disease development. Third, we show how researchers deal with these limitations by assembling additional data in and around this organ to recontextualise the epigenetic analysis performed in the postpartum placenta and revive its postgenomic character. We conclude by discussing how ethnographies of epistemic practices provide entry points to collaboratively reflect upon the theoretical and methodological opportunities and challenges in birth cohort research to study biosocial dynamics. We suggest avenues for using qualitative social science perspectives for future biosocial research and collaboration between the social and life sciences.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and experience of violence against persons with disabilities in Bangladesh: findings from a nationwide mixed-method study.","authors":"Adrita Kaiser, Sharmin Sultana, Sabina Faiz Rashid, Tanvir Hasan","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current prevalence of disability in Bangladesh stands at 7.14%. Due to various misconceptions, stigma, and lack of policies, they are more vulnerable to violence and abuse from perpetrators. However, there is a paucity of research on the prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual violence in the country. To address this knowledge gap, the current study aims to estimate the prevalence and explore the experiences of emotional abuse, physical, and sexual violence of persons with disabilities with their coping strategies. This study adopted a mixed-method sequential design comprising qualitative and quantitative components. A total of 5000 persons with disabilities were interviewed during the survey, and mini-ethnographic case studies were conducted with 51 purposively selected persons with disabilities from all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis was performed for quantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis. The study concludes that the lifetime prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse is 68.9%, 26.6%, and 11.5%, respectively. Male participants were more prone to experience sexual abuse than females for both lifetimes (male: 12.7% & female: 10.3%) and within the last 12 months before the survey (male: 6.6% & female: 5.1%). Neighbours and close family members were found to be perpetrators of emotional and physical violence, whereas immediate family members were the perpetrators of sexual violence. Even though participants shared several coping mechanisms, equal to or less than 0.5% sought help from a counsellor to cope with the trauma. Results from the study correspond to the earlier studies with implications for future research and urgent policy reform. Although women are more vulnerable to experiencing different forms of violence, men with disabilities are no different. However, this remains unseen and unheard. To reduce the prevalence of violence against this marginalised group, a coordinated and collaborative approach is required targeting nationwide sensitisation, easy access to help-seeking centres, and adequate policy implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived economic uncertainties and childbearing intentions among young cohorts in China: a multinomial analysis.","authors":"Shibei Ni","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Economic uncertainties have become the focus of many recent fertility studies. Embedded in and shaping people's forecasts of the future, economic uncertainties refer to the lack of predictability and stability in the economic conditions, such as employment status and labour market situations. It is believed that economic uncertainties can impact fertility outcomes and the timing of family transitions through people's perceptions of varying futures, but much is unexplored in Asian countries, particularly when an economic downturn has been observed and is underway recently. This study's objective was to examine the perceptions of economic uncertainties among young people in China and the influence these had on the value attached to the experience of having children. For this, a national sample of young individuals aged 17 to 33 was recruited online through the Credamo platform. Demographic and individual economic factors were controlled, and multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the association between economic uncertainties and young people's views on having children. The study found a clear association between economic uncertainties and the necessity and planning for having children. More optimistic expectations for the future economy and labour market were associated with higher likelihood of approving of the necessity of childbearing and childrearing, as well as higher fertility intention. The findings also highlighted associations of other demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, such as sex, marital status, and house ownership. The respondents' expectations of an uncertain future shaped their decisions regarding life events, including future fertility. Thus, assisting young people in gaining a sense of security in the face of social uncertainty is critical in future government policy plans if a fertility rebound in China is to be achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between educational assortative mating and reproductive healthcare utilization in Nigeria.","authors":"Oluwatobi A Alawode","doi":"10.1017/S002193202500015X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193202500015X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reproductive health indicators in many developing countries including Nigeria are poor, and this is due to the less-than-optimum utilization of reproductive healthcare that has been linked to numerous factors including the educational attainment of women and their partners. In societies like Nigeria, marriage is nearly universal and upheld by patriarchal practices, while education is one of the determining factors for the choice of partner in the marriage market, as it also influences household power dynamics. Despite the plethora of studies investigating the link between education and utilization of these services, there is a paucity of research examining educational assortative mating (EAM) and its link to reproductive healthcare utilization. Hence, this study investigated EAM and explored its association with reproductive healthcare utilization from the perspective of family systems theory. Data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (<i>n</i> = 19,950) was analysed with frequencies presented and binary logistic regression models fitted. The result showed that high-education (34%) and low-education (46%) homogamy are the most prevalent types of EAM, while 40% of the partnered women reported facility delivery, 11% used modern contraceptives and 20% reported 8+ antenatal care visits. The multivariate analysis showed that compared to women in hypergamy, women in both high-education homogamy and hypogamy are more likely to deliver at a health facility but women in low-education are less likely. Women in both high-education homogamy and hypogamy are more likely, but those in low-education homogamy are less likely to use modern contraceptives. For antenatal care, only women in high-education homogamy are more likely to have 8 or more visits during pregnancy compared to women in hypergamy, while women in low-education homogamy and hypogamy are less likely. These findings provide evidence of the importance of an indicator of social stratification for important family decisions like healthcare utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's narratives of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in Kolkata, India.","authors":"Piya Roy, Muthusamy Sivakami, Surbhi Shrivastava","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quality of care during childbirth is crucial to maternal health outcomes. Studies from India that report on women's experiences of disrespect and abuse by healthcare providers during facility-based childbirth are limited to high-fertility states and predominantly focus on public hospitals. However, the quality of maternal care in states with low fertility rates like West Bengal needs further examination. This study aimed to understand women's experiences of disrespect and abuse and their perceptions of facility-based childbirth. The study focused on public, private, and charitable hospitals in Kolkata district of West Bengal that presents a higher institutional birth rate than the national average. The findings derive from a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with 17 postpartum women who had facility-based births within one year before data collection in May 2019. Grounded theory approach was used to iteratively code the interview transcripts, identify reappearing categories, and generate themes through abstraction. The participants' narratives revealed experiences of verbal abuse, neglect and abandonment, poor rapport between providers and women, improper conduct of procedures, health facility conditions and constraints, and instances of overlapping forms of disrespect and abuse. The findings demonstrate the nature of disrespect and abuse across different hospital types in a major metropolis of India. Normalisation of poor-quality care manifested in women's lack of expectations of patient education and attention from providers. Health system conditions and constraints can impact the quality of care that problematise the push for institutional deliveries as a panacea for poor maternal health outcomes. The findings add to long-standing calls for improving maternal experiences of birth with an emphasis on promoting autonomy. National and state guidelines related to maternal health need to be aligned with accepted standards of care. West Bengal must establish ways to assess the implementation of such guidelines on the ground.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the spatio-temporal pattern and determinants of child marriage in Nigeria.","authors":"Rofiyat Temitope Oyebisi, Oluwafunmilayo Adenike Dawodu, Ezra Gayawan","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Millions of young girls in Nigeria have continued to suffer the negative consequences of early marriage such as discontinuation of education and restricting them from achieving their full potential. Successive Nigerian governments have therefore deployed different strategies over the years to mitigate the practice, particularly in the northern part of the country. This study analysed the changes in the pattern of child marriage across space-time in Nigeria using a dataset obtained from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey conducted between 2003 and 2018 at a consecutive interval of 5 years. A Bayesian spatio-temporal random effect model with inference based on integrated nested laplace approximation was considered. Whereas the findings demonstrate a reduction in the practice of child marriage over time everywhere in the country, the prevalence remains highest in States such as Kogi, Niger, Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Taraba, and Kaduna, all in the northern part of the country despite the policies, program and interventions by international organisations, Child Right Acts, and Non-governmental organisations. Over the fifteen years, only slight changes were recorded in the Southwest region. Furthermore, higher levels of education, urban residency, household wealth, being a Yoruba, or belonging to a Christian religious group were found to lower the chances of child marriage. State-specific strategic planning would be useful in deploying suitable local solutions to reduce child marriage in Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Covid-19 on antenatal care: evidence from Madagascar Demographic and Health Survey.","authors":"Monica A Magadi, Francis O Obare, Neema Kaseje, Pensee Wu","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the growing literature on the impact of Covid-19 on antenatal care (ANC) and maternal/neonatal and child health outcomes globally, substantial knowledge gaps remain about the population-level impact in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Existing evidence on the ANC impact of Covid-19 in SSA is largely based on health facility or small-scale qualitative research, which are limited in providing population-level understanding. This paper examines the extent to which Covid-19 impacted ANC service utilisation and identifies what population sub-groups were most adversely impacted. It is based on a secondary analysis of the Madagascar Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), the first DHS in SSA released following the Covid-19 pandemic. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the net effect of Covid-19 on ANC and identify the most at-risk population sub-groups. The findings show that all ANC measures considered (no ANC, early ANC, adequate ANC visits) were significantly affected by Covid-19 (p<0.05). On average, Covid-19 was associated with a 42% increase in the odds of having no ANC, a 22% reduction in the odds of starting early ANC during the first trimester, and a 22% reduction in the odds of receiving adequate ANC (at least four visits, starting during the first trimester). Births to older mothers and to mothers with no education were disproportionately affected during Covid-19. Although youth aged 15-24 had poorer ANC compared to older women before the pandemic, the pattern was reversed during the pandemic. Also, the protective effect of education was stronger during than before the pandemic. These findings underscore the importance of Covid-19 impact mitigation strategies targeting the most at-risk groups (e.g. older mothers). Furthermore, essential information/education during pandemics should be in formats accessible to non-literate women. This paper advances understanding of the population-level impact of Covid-19 on ANC and emphasises the need for further research to better understand the population-level impact of Covid-19 across countries of SSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are internal migrants (head porters) sexually vulnerable due to the coronavirus pandemic? A qualitative study of the situation in Ghana.","authors":"Elvis Junior Dun-Dery, Frederick Dun-Dery, Mary Eyram Ashinyo, James Avoka","doi":"10.1017/S0021932025000070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932025000070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Head porterage, popularly known in Ghana as Kayayei, has been an old economic venture for young girls and women who migrate from the northern to the southern part of the country. Even though Head Porters view Kayayei as a source of livelihood, conditions such as the outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) further worsened their sexual vulnerabilities, as well as their autonomy to make decisions on contraceptive use. Head Porters, as a term defined in this study, refers to women aged 15 years or older who carry loads from one point of the town to another for a fee. The study is qualitative and used both purposive and simple random sampling in recruiting 120 Head Porters for focus group discussions. The study was planned and implemented in three zones in Kumasi, the Ashanti Regional capital of Ghana, during the lockdown period (between March and April 2020). Factors such as access to contraceptives, self-reported sexual desire, and partner desire to use condoms, sexual demands, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on contraceptive access were assessed. Sexual demands increased during the COVID-19 period, with most Head Porters indicating they used fewer condoms and contraceptives during the same period. The desire to use a condom was limited among both Head Porters and their partners, and access to contraceptives was hampered by fear of getting infected by COVID-19 from a health worker at family planning clinics. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the sexual and economic vulnerabilities of Head Porters in Ghana and impacted their access to family planning services. Governmental and international organizations need to start developing intervention programs for vulnerable populations such as Head Porters before future disease outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":47742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosocial Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}