{"title":"TBE in the Czech Republic","authors":"Petr Pazdiora","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b8-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b8-6","url":null,"abstract":"The TBE virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the Czech Republic by Czech scientists in 1948-1949 from both a patient and also from Ixodes ricinus ticks. However, even before 1948, etiologically unclear summer cases of viral meningoencephalitis had been reported, and likely, at least in part, they are attributable to the TBE virus. These cases were reported mostly from patients in the districts of Beroun (Central Bohemia), Hradec Králové (East Bohemia), Vyškov (South Moravia), and occasionally from the neighborhood of Prague. The official reports of these probable cases of ”tick-borne encephalitis” were registered in the database of the National Institute of Public Health in Prague since 1945.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TBE in Denmark","authors":"Anders Fomsgaard","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b9-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b9-6","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1950s, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been known to be endemic in Denmark but only on the island of Bornholm. Bornholm is situated east of mainland Denmark, south of Sweden (Figure 3) and has a different fauna and flora from the rest of Denmark. Bornholm has about 45,000 inhabitants, but about 500,000 tourists visit the island every year. Freundt carried out a serosurvey during 1958–1962 and found TBE antibodies in 1.4% of blood donors and 30% of woodworkers on Bornholm but no antibodies in subjects living in mainland Denmark. In 1963, Freundt found that 8 of 12 patients admitted to the hospital with acute meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology during 1951–1960 had antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV). In 2000, TBE was rediscovered on Bornholm, where a retrospective study covering the period 1994–2002 (7 years) identified 14 TBE cases; 2 cases were tourists and 12 were inhabitants of Bornholm, giving an incidence of 3.81 per 100,000 inhabitants. At least 5 patients (37.7%) got permanent sequelae. In addition, 32 forest workers on Bornholm were tested in 2000, and 20% had IgG antibodies but never symptoms. This is similar to the finding of Freundt in 1960. It was concluded that the data did not provide evidence of an increase in incidence of TBE. Ticks (Ixodes ricinus) from Bornholm were investigated for TBEV in 2000 and 2% were found to be infected. Since 2001 an average of 2.5 (range 1–8) TBE cases per year have been reported in Bornholm (Figure 1).","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Růžek, Kentaro Yoshii, Marshall E. Bloom, Ernest A. Gould
{"title":"Chapter 2a: Virology","authors":"Daniel Růžek, Kentaro Yoshii, Marshall E. Bloom, Ernest A. Gould","doi":"10.33442/26613980_2a-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_2a-6","url":null,"abstract":"TBEV is the most medically important member of the tick-borne serocomplex group within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Three antigenic subtypes of TBEV correspond to the 3 recognized genotypes: European (TBEV-EU), also known as Western, Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), and Siberian (TBEV-SIB). An additional 2 genotypes have been identified in the Irkutsk region of Russia, currently named TBE virus Baikalian subtype (TBEV-BKL) and TBE virus Himalayan subtype (Himalayan and “178-79” group; TBEV-HIM). TBEV virions are small enveloped spherical particles about 50 nm in diameter. The TBEV genome consists of a single-stranded positive sense RNA molecule. The genome encodes one open reading frame (ORF), which is flanked by untranslated (non-coding) regions (UTRs). The 5′-UTR end has a methylated nucleotide cap for canonical cellular translation. The 3′-UTR is not polyadenylated and is characterized by extensive length and sequence heterogeneity. The ORF encodes one large polyprotein, which is co- and post-translationally cleaved into 3 structural proteins (C, prM, and E) and 7 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). TBEV replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell in close association with virus-induced intracellular membrane structures. Virus assembly occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. The immature virions are transported to the Golgi complex, and mature virions pass through the host secretory pathway and are finally released from the host cell by fusion of the transport vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 9: Immunology of TBEV infection","authors":"Sara Gredmark-Russ, Renata Varnaite","doi":"10.33442/26613980_9-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_9-6","url":null,"abstract":"Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBE is usually a biphasic disease and in humans the virus can only be detected during the first (unspecific) phase of the disease. Pathogenesis of TBE is not well understood, but both direct viral effects and immune-mediated tissue damage of the central nervous system may contribute to the natural course of TBE. The effect of TBEV on the innate immune system has mainly been studied in vitro and in mouse models. Characterization of human immune responses to TBEV is primarily conducted in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid, due to the inaccessibility of brain tissue for sample collection. Natural killer (NK) cells and T cells are activated during the second (meningo-encephalitic) phase of TBE. The potential involvement of other cell types has not been examined to date. Immune cells from peripheral blood, in particular neutrophils, T cells, B cells and NK cells, infiltrate into the cerebrospinal fluid of TBE patients.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volha Kniazeva, Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković
{"title":"TBE in Belarus","authors":"Volha Kniazeva, Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b2-6","url":null,"abstract":"Belarus is a landlocked country of eastern Europe with a population of 9.4 million, of which 78.4% reside in urban areas bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the north west, by Russia to the north and east, by Ukraine to the south, and by Poland to the west. The country of Belarus is divided into six administrative districts (Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk regions) each centered around a major city (Minsk). Much of the country consists of flat lowlands separated by low-level topped hills and uplands; the highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hill, being only 1135 feet (346 meters) above sea level. Over half of the surface area of Belarus lies below 660 feet (200 meters), and about 40% of the country is forested. The most common tick species in Belarus are Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 10: Diagnosis","authors":"Gerhard Dobler","doi":"10.33442/26613980_10-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_10-6","url":null,"abstract":"TBE appears with non-characteristic clinical symptoms, which cannot be distinguished from other forms of viral encephalitis or other diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid and neuro-imaging may give some evidence of TBE, but ultimately cannot confirm the diagnosis. Thus, proving the diagnosis “TBE” necessarily requires confirmation of TBEV-infection by detection of the virus or by demonstration of specific antibodies from serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. During the phase of clinic symptoms from the CNS, the TBEV can only rarely be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. Most routinely used serological tests for diagnosing TBE (ELISA, HI, IFA) show cross reactions resulting from either infection with other flaviviruses or with other flavivirus vaccines.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TBE in Bulgaria","authors":"Iva Christova","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b5-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b5-6","url":null,"abstract":"First cases of probable tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were reported in 1961 by Andonov et al. in eastern regions of Bulgaria. Possible TBE cases with the typical two-wave fever, originating from consumption of raw goat milk, were described back in 1953 by Vaptzarov et al. in southern Bulgaria. Investigations in the 1960s were able to isolate 3 tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains from Haemaphysalis punctata and 1 from Dermacentor marginatus ticks from goats and sheep in the district of Plovdiv. The antigenic properties of these 4 virus strains were identical to the highly virulent strain “Hypr” of the European subtype of TBEV (TBEV-EU).","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 2b: The molecular and antigenic structure of the TBEV","authors":"Franz-Xaver Heinz, Karin Stiasny","doi":"10.33442/26613980_2b-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_2b-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"19 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TBE in Kazakhstan","authors":"Andrey Dmitrovskiy","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b17-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b17-6","url":null,"abstract":"The first isolation of the TBEV in Kazakhstan was achieved in the Almaty region by M.P. Chumakov in 1941 (only one strain from one patient) during the expedition organized by the Central Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Moscow). This is proof that the clinically well-described “spring-summer encephalitis” in the Almaty region was in fact TBE. Later, in 1943, 1944 and 1945 the TBEV was also isolated from additional patients by local scientists from the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Virology in Alma-Ata by Prof. E. I. Demikhovsky. Isolation had been accomplished from CSF samples up to 8 days of illness and also from brain tissue on day 12.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vladimir Igorevich Zlobin, Maria Esyunina, Maria Syrochkina
{"title":"TBE in Russia","authors":"Vladimir Igorevich Zlobin, Maria Esyunina, Maria Syrochkina","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b27-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b27-6","url":null,"abstract":"TBE was first revealed in the Far-East Taiga Forest in the Soviet Union in springs and summers between 1933–1935 and it was further investigated as of 1937 at a large multidisciplinary expedition led by Professor Lev Zilber, the Head of the Moscow Medical Virology laboratory. The expedition demonstrated that the disease develops in humans after a tick bite, and the “Taiga Tick” Ixodes persulcatus was established as the virus carrier. The viral etiology of the disease was confirmed and the first strain of TBE virus (TBEV) was isolated. The clinical disease spectrum in humans and the respective pathology were described and the effectiveness of immunoglobulin-therapy was shown. Based on morphological studies since 1937 TBE was assigned to the group of neuro-infections as an independent nosological entity.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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