Feminist Economics最新文献_第9页

The Evolution of Gender Wealth Inequality in the United States in a Changing Institutional Context 制度变迁背景下美国性别财富不平等的演变

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2042583

H. Szymborska

{"title":"The Evolution of Gender Wealth Inequality in the United States in a Changing Institutional Context","authors":"H. Szymborska","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2042583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2042583","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the patterns of household-level gender wealth inequality in light of financial sector transformation in the US since the 1980s. Securitization, the subprime lending expansion, and wider liberalization measures influenced wealth disparities by determining access to different types of wealth, asset values, and relative indebtedness. The evolution of the gender wealth gap in the context of these institutional changes is not yet clearly established in the literature. Using the US Survey of Consumer Finances between 1989 and 2019, the study examines changes in wealth inequality between unpartnered male-headed and female-headed households and its determinants. It finds substantial heterogeneity of the gender wealth gap, and within-group inequality for female-headed households, across different categories of marital status, family structure, race/ethnicity, and percentile of wealth distribution. Homeownership is estimated to have an equalizing impact, while differences in employment income, age, self-employment, and ownership of high-yielding assets are associated with increasing wealth disparities. HIGHLIGHTS The study examines the unconditional and conditional wealth gaps across unpartnered households. Gender wealth inequality increased in the subprime era and after the Great Recession. The highest inequality is observed across marital status, family structure, and race. The highest inequality is found among the least wealthy households. Wealth inequality can be lowered by reducing disparities in income and asset ownership.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"32 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42473827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Returns in the Labor Market: A Nuanced View of Penalties at the Intersection of Race and Gender in the US 劳动力市场的回报:对美国种族和性别交叉点惩罚的细致观察

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2042472

M. Paul, Khaing Zaw, W. Darity

{"title":"Returns in the Labor Market: A Nuanced View of Penalties at the Intersection of Race and Gender in the US","authors":"M. Paul, Khaing Zaw, W. Darity","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2042472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2042472","url":null,"abstract":"There have been decades of research on wage gaps for groups based on their socially salient identities, such as race and gender, but little empirical investigation on the effects of holding multiple identities. Using the Current Population Survey, this study provides new evidence on intersectionality and the wage gap in the US. This article makes two important contributions. First, there is no single “gender” or “race” wage penalty. Second, the evidence suggests that holding multiple identities cannot readily be disaggregated in an additive fashion. Instead, in a comparison of Black and White workers across gender, this study documents that the penalties associated with the combination of two or more socially marginalized identities interact in multiplicative or quantitatively nuanced ways. Further, the findings demonstrate that the presence of an additional intersectional penalty for Black women persists across time. HIGHLIGHTS When it comes to earnings, Black women face distinctive penalties for holding their race and gender identities simultaneously. The intersectional wage gap persists across time and during both tight and slack labor markets. The unexplained portion of the wage gap has contracted from 1980–2017; however, it remains large and significant. Intersectional analysis provides a useful framework to disentangle nuances in the labor market.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"1 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42493974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Gender Differences in Immigrant Assimilation Activities in the US: Evidence from Time-Use Data 美国移民同化活动中的性别差异：来自时间使用数据的证据

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2022-02-09 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.2015538

F. Muchomba, Neeraj Kaushal

{"title":"Gender Differences in Immigrant Assimilation Activities in the US: Evidence from Time-Use Data","authors":"F. Muchomba, Neeraj Kaushal","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.2015538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.2015538","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses the American Time Use Survey for 2003–17 to explore gender differences in time allocated toward activities that facilitate immigrant assimilation, including activities outside the home, with non-family members, and in paid work, education, and shopping. The study finds that among the first and 1.5 generations, respectively, wives spend seventy-nine and thirty-one minutes less per day than husbands in market work, education, and shopping, whereas there is no gender gap among second, 2.5, and third-and-higher generations. Moreover, in first- and 1.5-generation families, husbands spend more time on activities outside the home and with non-family members. This pattern suggests that time used in assimilation activities among first- and 1.5-generation families reflects gender inequality, which could increase women’s dependence on husbands for assimilation. Women from countries with conservative gender roles allocate less time to assimilation activities, but this association dissipates across generations. HIGHLIGHTS This study investigates whether assimilation increases or reduces gender inequality across immigrant generations. Time allocation is more gendered among first-generation immigrants. There is no such gender gap among second and higher generations. Women from countries with traditional gender norms spend less time on assimilation activities. But this association dissipates across generations.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"189 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46275373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The Impact of Marriage on Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa 婚姻对中东和北非妇女就业的影响

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2022-01-21 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.2007415

R. Assaad, C. Krafft, Irène Selwaness

{"title":"The Impact of Marriage on Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa","authors":"R. Assaad, C. Krafft, Irène Selwaness","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.2007415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.2007415","url":null,"abstract":"Marriage is a central stage in the transition to adulthood in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This article investigates the effect of marriage on women's employment in MENA, examining how different types of work are affected by relatively early marriage, defined as marriage by the median age of marriage. An important contribution of this study is to examine the two main mechanisms by which marriage can affect work: (1) its effect on ever entering work and (2) its effect on exiting work. This study endogenizes the marriage decision using an instrumental variables approach. It finds that marriage by the median age reduces women's probability of market work by 47 percent in Jordan, 30 percent in Tunisia, and 16 percent in Egypt. Much of the effect is due to a reduction in the probability of private wage work, which women tend to leave at marriage. HIGHLIGHTS Women in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia often leave employment at marriage. Marrying by the median age has varying effects on different types of employment. Women are particularly likely to leave private sector wage work at marriage. Changes are needed to reconcile private wage employment with women's domestic roles.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"247 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43509386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Family Size and Men’s Labor Market Outcomes: Do Social Beliefs About Men’s Roles in the Family Matter? 家庭规模与男性劳动力市场结果:关于男性在家庭中的角色的社会观念重要吗?

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2022-01-20 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.2015076

A. Baranowska-Rataj, A. Matysiak

{"title":"Family Size and Men’s Labor Market Outcomes: Do Social Beliefs About Men’s Roles in the Family Matter?","authors":"A. Baranowska-Rataj, A. Matysiak","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.2015076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.2015076","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides evidence on the relationship between fathers’ labor market outcomes and number of children. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and instrumental variable models, this study examines how family size is related to fathers’ probability of employment, number of paid working hours, job rank, wages, and job stability across European countries with diverse social beliefs about men’s financial and caregiving responsibilities. Results show that having a larger family is associated with increases in fathers’ share of paid working hours, chances of having a permanent contract and a managerial position, and wages. These findings are, however, largely due to selection. Net of selection, fathers tend to increase paid working hours and are more likely to be promoted after childbirth only in countries where they are considered the main income providers, and acceptance of involved fatherhood is weak. The magnitude of these effects is small, however. HIGHLIGHTS Family size is positively correlated with fathers’ labor market outcomes in Europe. Having more children is associated with higher job rank, wages, and job stability. Multiple births are the source of exogenous variation in the number of children. Net of selection, family size premium for fathers depends on gender ideologies. In less-egalitarian countries, family size brings more labor market rewards.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"93 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45426560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Non-Parental Childcare Services and Time Allocation of Mothers with Young Children in China 中国非父母托儿服务与带幼儿母亲的时间分配

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.2006736

Jing Liu, L. Qi, Yanyan Xiong

{"title":"Non-Parental Childcare Services and Time Allocation of Mothers with Young Children in China","authors":"Jing Liu, L. Qi, Yanyan Xiong","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.2006736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.2006736","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the impact of access to and affordability of paid and unpaid childcare services on the time allocation of mothers with children ages 0–6. The study employs a fixed-effect seemingly unrelated regression model on longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey for 2004–11, when women’s employment in China was declining rapidly. The study finds that holding constant other determinants, doubling daily wages of nannies and tuition fees of childcare centers tends to reduce a mother’s market work time by 5.2 and 1.3 h per week and increases her time spent on housework by 1.7 and 0.5 h per week, respectively. Mothers who live with an older, woman relative spend 5.5 h fewer per week on childcare. Access to local childcare centers reduces mothers’ time spent on childcare by 13.3 h per week, and these mothers’ wage rates have no effect on their time allocation. HIGHLIGHTS In China, rising parenting costs contribute to declines in women’s labor participation rate and the fertility rate. Increasing prices of childcare services reduce mother’s time on paid work and increase time on housework. Access to childcare has no impact on mothers’ time on activities beyond childcare. The government should subsidize early childhood education as it subsidizes elementary education. Childcare leave and flexible work arrangements may alleviate mothers’ time burdens.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"303 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45641672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A Multidimensional Approach to the Gender Gap in Poverty: An Application for Turkey 解决贫困性别差距的多维方法:在土耳其的应用

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.2003837

Hasan Tekgüç, Bengi Akbulut

{"title":"A Multidimensional Approach to the Gender Gap in Poverty: An Application for Turkey","authors":"Hasan Tekgüç, Bengi Akbulut","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.2003837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.2003837","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional poverty measures have long been criticized as a poor gauge of quality of life. Household-level income or expenditure data used in these measures are silent on intrahousehold inequalities and capture means to an end rather than outcomes and opportunities individuals face. This article constructs a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) to address these problems. It calculates multidimensional poverty for Turkey in four equally weighted dimensions: education, health, employment, and household living conditions. The study introduces employment as a distinct dimension of well-being, which is especially pertinent for the gender gap in poverty in the Turkish context. It finds a significant (30–34 percent) gender poverty gap, which is gradually narrowing over time. However, there is very little convergence between regions. Finally, results show households with multidimensionally poor women and non-poor men as the most common sub-group and an increase in the share of households with no poor members. HIGHLIGHTS The study evaluates the multidimensional poverty of individuals to analyze gender gaps. Employment proxies for ignored functionings like self-respect and social inclusion. Gender poverty gap was between 30 and 34 percent during 2006–15. Gender poverty gap is only closing for the youngest cohorts. Within-household poverty disparities are high and stable during 2006–15.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"119 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59843932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

A Gendered Analysis of Individual-Level Asset Poverty in Ecuador 厄瓜多尔个人层面资产贫困的性别分析

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1995019

Boaz Anglade, P. Useche, C. D. Deere

{"title":"A Gendered Analysis of Individual-Level Asset Poverty in Ecuador","authors":"Boaz Anglade, P. Useche, C. D. Deere","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1995019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1995019","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses individual-level wealth data to explore the gender dimensions of asset poverty among the principal adults in Ecuadorean households, the first such study in a developing country. The study departs from conventional practice by analyzing not only sole heads but also partnered men and women heads and show systematic differences by gender, marital status, and household type. Among both sole and partnered heads, women are more likely to be asset poor than men. Further, in contrast to developed countries, asset poverty rates are much higher among partnered men and women than among sole men and women heads, largely because of structural factors that put those in consensual unions at a disadvantage in accumulating assets. The gender gap, however, is much larger among sole heads. In Ecuador, the risk of asset poverty is mainly associated with low levels of education, type of employment, and not having received an inheritance. HIGHLIGHTS This study uses individual-level asset data to explore the extent of asset poverty in Ecuador. Women in Ecuador are more likely to be asset poor compared to men. The gender asset gap is more prominent among sole heads of household. Asset poverty rates are the highest among women in consensual unions. Education, employment, and inheritance significantly explain asset poverty.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"56 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48346981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Cash for Care as Special Money: The Meaning and Uses of the Care Allowance in Close Relationships in the Czech Republic 作为特殊货币的护理现金：护理津贴在捷克共和国亲密关系中的意义和用途

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2021-11-27 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1988126

Radka Dudová

{"title":"Cash for Care as Special Money: The Meaning and Uses of the Care Allowance in Close Relationships in the Czech Republic","authors":"Radka Dudová","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1988126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1988126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Investigating what happens when money in the form of a cash-for-care benefit enters family relationships, this article examines long-term family care in the Czech Republic where a “care allowance” was introduced in 2007. It compares two qualitative studies: one of adult children providing care to their parents and the other of mothers caring for a disabled child; in both cases, the adults are entitled to the benefit. The studies used narrative and in-depth interviews with forty-eight informal caregivers. Daughters providing care mostly earmarked the allowance as their parent’s money or did not claim it at all, while sons viewed it as a contribution to pay for care services. Mothers interpreted it as compensation for their caring work. The different practices of earmarking special monies affirmed and maintained gendered normative expectations, thus explaining why the introduction of the benefit did not lead to the outcomes expected by policymakers. HIGHLIGHTS The introduction of a care allowance in the Czech Republic did not have the expected outcomes. The use of allowance money varied in cases of caring for a parent or child with disability. Gendered norms of care determined how the money was used. The most significant of these norms was that care should be provided personally and by women. The discretionary use of allowance money did not serve to improve caregivers’ economic situations.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"329 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45862714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Male Backlash and Female Guilt: Women’s Employment and Intimate Partner Violence in Urban India 男性反冲与女性内疚:印度城市女性就业与亲密伴侣暴力

IF 4.6 2区经济学

Feminist Economics Pub Date : 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1986226

S. Dhanaraj, Vidya Mahambare

{"title":"Male Backlash and Female Guilt: Women’s Employment and Intimate Partner Violence in Urban India","authors":"S. Dhanaraj, Vidya Mahambare","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1986226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1986226","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the relationship between a married woman’s paid work participation and her exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) in urban India. Results show that due to the male backlash channel, women in employment face significantly higher levels of IPV compared to women involved in domestic work only. The study does not find evidence that any autonomy women gain by doing paid work lowers their experience of IPV. Furthermore, this paper contributes to the literature on gender-based violence by introducing and testing for a “female guilt channel” – a phenomenon in which women in paid work justify IPV against them more than those not in paid work – that, in turn, further raises their IPV exposure. The paper finds weak evidence for the guilt channel in the overall sample and stronger evidence among women with intermediate levels of education. HIGHLIGHTS Women in paid work in urban India are more likely to accept intimate partner violence (IPV), as well as experience a higher degree of marital controlling behavior by husbands. Urban women and men with tertiary education are most likely to overcome gendered norms for paid work. IPV is higher among urban women in paid work whose husbands are not employed or earning less. Raising women’s economic opportunities alone may not lead to universally better outcomes for them inside households.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"170 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47165174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10