Feminist Economics最新文献

{"title":"Less Work, More Labor: School Closures and Work Hours During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Austria","authors":"Lisa Hanzl, Miriam Rehm","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2251972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251972","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article explores the gendered impact of school closures on paid work hours during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria. Using data from the Austrian Corona Panel Project (ACPP) covering generalized school closures from March 2020 to April 2021, the study examines adjustments in work hours by gender and parental status. The descriptive data show general reductions in work time, especially in the first months. From July 2020 onward, however, mothers reduced work hours more than fathers when schools were closed – and they increased time spent on childcare, while fathers reduced theirs. Using OLS and fixed effects models, the study confirms that mothers reduced their work hours during school closures more than any other group. In contrast, fathers reduced their work hours the least – even less than individuals without children. Finally, there is some evidence that school closures capture policy stringency in high-incidence phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.HIGHLIGHTS In Austria, mothers reduced paid work time more than fathers in response to pandemic school closures.In contrast, fathers reduced their work time even less than individuals without children.School closures thus triggered a gendered labor market response among parents.The additional unpaid care work burden on women is a potential mechanism for these effects.COVID-19 policy responses may have exacerbated existing gender differences in the labor market.KEYWORDS: Work timelabor supplygender inequalityCOVID-19school closuresJEL Codes: C23J16J22 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Vera Huwe, Jakob Kapeller, Ulli Lich, Alexander Obermueller, Alyssa Schneebaum and Yana van der Meulen-Rodgers for valuable insights and feedback.Notes1 More than 47 percent of employed women in Austria work part time (Statistik Austria Citation2020).2 Throughout the pandemic, Austria did not issue a work-from-home directive.3 School closures were enacted nationwide throughout 2020 and up to April 2021. Kindergartens are the responsibility of the federal states and therefore their closings were not unified since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis.4 So far, there is limited data on gender differences.5 See Arbeitsvertragsrechts-Anpassungsgesetz § 18b (https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10008872&Paragraf=18b).6 Unfortunately, households cannot be linked and only limited information on partners is available, especially with regard to labor market outcomes.7 At 14, children are considered of age in several respects in Austria, including sexual consent, criminal responsibility, and self-determination in medical, religious, and educational matters.8 We do not control for pre-pandemic work hours in our estimates, although we show the descriptive evidence in Table 1. This is because the question was asked retrospectively when individuals first entered the survey, which implies that the data are likely less reliable over successive waves and that person-level weights are not comparable","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135768745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Use and Life Satisfaction within Couples: A Gender Analysis for Belgium","authors":"Bram De Rock, Guillaume Perilleux","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis article looks at the time allocation of individuals with a focus on paid and unpaid work, its division within households, and its link with life satisfaction. The study uses the cross-sectional MEqIN database for Belgium in 2016 and corrects for heterogeneity by using measures of the personality traits. The division of time appears to be quite gendered. Women are found to be more satisfied when working part time. This could be because a majority of working women still undertake most of the unpaid work so that they end up operating a double shift. Looking at the link of time allocation of both partners on the individuals’ life satisfaction, men’s behavior appears to be in accordance with a conservative gender attitude, and even a breadwinner version, while women’s behavior is closer to an egalitarian gender attitude. The study further observes that those behaviors are softened by the presence of children.HIGHLIGHTS In Belgium, women spend more time on unpaid work, even conditional on being employed.Without considering interdependencies, women are more satisfied when working part time.Accounting for interdependencies, women favor an equal sharing of paid and unpaid work.Men appear to be more satisfied when they undertake more paid work than their partner.Policy implications should involve changing men’s behavior and traditional gender norms.KEYWORDS: Time useunpaid workhousehold division of laborlife satisfactiongender analysisparenthoodJEL Codes: I31J22J16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis article makes use of the MEqIn dataset, collected by a team of researchers from Université catholique de Louvain, KU Leuven, Université libre de Bruxelles, and University of Antwerp.SUPPLEMENTAL DATASupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505.Notes1 Paid and unpaid work have been called differently before. For instance, sociologists often refer to care work when considering childcare activities and other types of care activities (England Citation2005). Within the feminist movement, this has been called as well productive and reproductive work (Vogel Citation2013). Note that the reproductive labor has been central in the International Wages for Housework Campaign in the 70s (Cox and Federici Citation1976). It was decided to keep using the naming unpaid work throughout this study as care work also comprises individuals who are getting paid for caring, such as nurses.2 Note that in Becker (Citation1993), Becker accommodates the fact that his predictions are at odds with the observation that both paid and unpaid work division are still very gendered by simply saying that women have a biologically-based comparative advantage over men in the household sector. Indeed, in his view, “the sharp sexual division of labor in all societies between the market and household sectors […] is also partly due to intrinsic differences between the sexes.”3 Note that productivity ","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135768741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patriarchal Rent Seeking in Entrepreneurial Households: An Examination of Business Ownership and Housework Burdens in Black and White US Couples","authors":"Sarah F. Small","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2250811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2250811","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis article studies the relationship between unpaid housework and business ownership in the United States. To examine this empirically, it uses Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data from 1985 to 2019 to document patterns in household production among business-owning households, with a special focus on Black and White opposite-sex couples in the United States. Descriptive evidence suggests that in married White couples, husbands face lower housework hours when owning a business compared to those who do not. However, this result does not hold for Black men. In fact, among Black couples, results suggest positive associations between wives’ business ownership and their housework hours. These results suggest the presence of patriarchal social norms allows White entrepreneurial men to extract rents: White men’s entrepreneurship may be propped up by their unique ability to recede from domestic responsibilities, a notion consistent with theories on patriarchal rent seeking.HIGHLIGHTSAmong US couples, less time spent on housework may provide advantages for entrepreneurs.White businesses-owning husbands are afforded reduced housework relative to peers.This phenomenon is unique among White men.Black businesses-owning wives do more housework than non-entrepreneuring peers.Industry selection does not explain away this trend among Black women.Race and gender hierarchies allow White men more resources in entrepreneurship.Small-business policymakers should work to alleviate inequities in unpaid work.KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurshipfeminist economicshousehold bargaininghouseworkpatriarchal rent seekingracial inequalityJEL Codes: L26B54D13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and Dr. Elissa Braunstein for their guidance on earlier versions of this work, as well as the audience members at the 2021 International Association for Feminist Economics Conference and the Western States Graduate Student Workshop where this paper was presented.Notes1 The term intersectionality refers to the critical insight that race, class, gender, and other social categories “operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities” (Hill Collins Citation2015: 2). Experts in intersectional theory suggest that researchers “must analyze each structural inequality separately, as well as simultaneously” (Bowleg Citation2008: 319).2 Business ownership can lead to tensions around fair allocations of labor in the home. Sharon Danes and Erin Morgan (Citation2004) find that business-owning husbands and wives report conflicts related to work-family life balance and unfair distributions of resources (that is, money, time, energy) between family and business systems.3 Social reproduction theorists examine the relationship between patriarchy and capitalism and offers a distinct perspective that considers housework as reproductive labor: part of what creates and sustains worker","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136152304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19, Income Shocks, and Women’s Employment in India","authors":"Ishaan Bansal, Kanika Mahajan","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2250797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2250797","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTExisting evidence shows that the COVID-19 pandemic led to larger employment losses for working women in India. This article examines the heterogeneity that underlies these trends by studying the impact of income shocks due to the COVID-19 induced national lockdown (April–May 2020) on women’s employment. Using individual-level panel data and a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits the imposition of the lockdown and accounts for seasonal employment trends, the study finds that women in households facing a hundred percent reduction in men’s income during the lockdown were 1.57 pp (27 percent) more likely to take up work after restrictions eased (June–August 2020). These results are predominant in poorer and less educated households. However, these positive employment trends are largely transitory as the effect on women’s employment reduces to 13 percent in these households during September–December 2020. These findings underscore the use of women’s labor as insurance during low-income periods by poorer households.HIGHLIGHTSWomen’s labor acts as insurance during periods of men’s income loss.The increase in labor market participation is only observed for married women.Rural women participate in less-secure casual agricultural labor.Urban women access more secure fixed-wage work and self-employment.Increase in women’s labor force participation is mostly transitory.KEYWORDS: EmploymentCOVID-19income shocksgenderIndiaJEL Codes: J22J23J16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank the anonymous reviewers for extensive comments and suggestions.SUPPLEMENTAL DATASupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2250797.Notes1 The national lockdown was imposed only during March 24, 2020–May 2020. Thereafter, only local lockdowns were imposed based on COVID-19 cases in a state or district.2 Marianne, Bertrand, Kaushik Krishnan, and Heather Schofield (Citation2021) and Marianne Bertrand et al. (Citation2020) discuss how some of the key indicators like employment, income, and consumption changed over time and across different categories of employment – self-employed, casual labor, fixed wage work – due to the lockdown in India.3 Empirical studies from developed countries show that women’s labor supply is pro-cyclical in aggregate (Joshi, Layard, and Owen [Citation1985] for the UK, Killingsworth and Heckman [Citation1986] for the US, and Darby, Hart, and Vecchi [Citation2001] for other OECD countries).4 See Sonia Bhalotra and Marcela Umana-Aponte (Citation2010) for evidence on a number of developing economies including India, Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan W. Parker (Citation2006) for Latin America, Elizabeth Frankenberg, James P. Smith, and Duncan Thomas (Citation2003) for Indonesia, Carola Pessino and Indermit S. Gill (Citation1997) for Argentina, and Joseph Y. Lim (Citation2000) for the Philippines.5 The broad strata are the homogeneous regions which are a collection of neighboring districts within a state that hav","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136308242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Garments without Guilt? Global Labour Justice and Ethical Codes in Sri Lankan Apparels","authors":"Linn Ternsjö","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2249913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2249913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43358268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shecession: The Downfall of Colombian Women During the Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"Ana Tribin, K. García-Rojas, Paula Herrera-Idárraga, L. Morales, Natalia Ramírez-Bustamante","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2230218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2230218","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41556380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sustainability of Life Approach: A State of Affairs","authors":"Astrid Agenjo-Calderón","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2218876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2218876","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46170837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lisa Saunders 1956–2022 In Memoriam","authors":"M. King, Catherine J. Weinberger","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2221263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2221263","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"10 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42586035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering Women Economists at the American Economic Association Through the Development of the Publication Job Openings for Economists","authors":"Tom Scheiding","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2213725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2213725","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the late 1960s, the American Economic Association (AEA) began to address the concerns of the marginalized in the profession with the publication of Job Openings for Economists. Women economists, empowered by the mass women's liberation movement at the time, formed a committee within the AEA to press for equal opportunity and greater access to the job market. This committee focused their early efforts on reforming the labor market with one of the key activities being the creation of a job vacancy publication. The consequence of having a job vacancy publication was the establishment of a path whereby newly trained women economists were made aware of opportunities and the existing informal hiring system was gradually relied upon less. Women economists played an important role in the establishment, legitimization, and broader acceptance of a job vacancy publication that helped to further empower women and other marginalized economists. HIGHLIGHTS Women pursued equal opportunity in economics via reforms to employment-search practices. Published vacancies achieved a greater representation of women in the labor market by formalizing aspects of the labor market. The publication of job vacancies was only a first step to creating an inclusive environment for women. Not all marginalized groups saw their path to acceptance within economics paved by labor market reform.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"199 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48613082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who Cares, Too? Degenderization of Childcare Policies in Europe: A Dynamic Fuzzy-Set Analysis","authors":"D. Szelewa, M. Polakowski","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2230239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2230239","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the evolution of childcare policies in Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom during the period 2005–15 in order to observe changes possibly related to economic crisis. Applying the concept of degenderization and the method of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA), the study examines: (1) equality of parental leave entitlements, (2) generosity of parental leave-related benefits, (3) accessibility of childcare services, and (4) length of all available leave schemes, at six points in time. The argument is that changes within this period did not lead to a radical transformation in childcare policy, while those shifts that took place could be more often characterized as degenderizing, contrary to expectations. Finally, the study identified policy clusters: four types of genderization (strong genderization, with care payment, with care parity, and with activation), strong and weak versions of degenderization, as well as a mixed case. HIGHLIGHTS This study traces the evolution of childcare policies across nine EU countries during the period of recession between 2005 and 2015. It uses the concept of “degenderization” to develop a typology of childcare policies. A dynamic analysis reveals that despite austerity measures, policies usually remained stable over time. Moreover, despite the crisis, policies tended to promote gender equality in care. Small steps toward degenderization in care policies over time signal that the gender revolution is not “stalled.”","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"153 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49007218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}