Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Radiological Analysis of Bone Regeneration in Different Tibial Distraction Osteogenesis Zones and Parts.","authors":"Yang Zhang, Fanyu Bu, Min Cao, Shihao Du, Ying Yang, Xueming Chen","doi":"10.4055/cios25045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4055/cios25045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to explore whether asymmetrical bone regeneration is present in tibial distraction osteogenesis (DO) and analyze its etiologies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 56 patients with tibial bone defects treated with DO were retrospectively analyzed (38 men and 18 women; average age, 47.3 years). Single proximal DO was conducted for 30 patients, single distal DO was conducted for 16 patients, and both proximal and distal DO were conducted for 10 patients. Bone regeneration, notably the healing time of the proximal and distal zones and different DO parts, was analyzed via radiological examination, and the possible etiologies were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 5 patients with poor regenerate formation (4 in the distal and 1 in the proximal), 3 patients with premature mineralization in the proximal, and 3 patients with DO zone fracture (1 in the proximal and 2 in the distal). The proximal healing time (11.8 ± 2.3 months) was shorter than the distal healing time (13.2 ± 2.5 months) (<i>p</i> = 0.040). The posterior part had the shortest healing time (10.4 ± 1.8 months), followed by the lateral part (11.1 ± 2.2 months) and the medial part (11.6 ± 2.5 months). The anterior part had the longest healing time (12.5 ± 3.8 months). Furthermore, pairwise comparison showed that the posterior and the anterior parts were significantly different from the other parts (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Bone regeneration in different tibial DO zones and parts is asymmetrical, with faster regeneration in the proximal zone and posterior part and slower in the distal zone and anterior part, which may be due to differences in the local biological and external environments. These findings suggest that different distraction rates can be applied in different tibial regions, and more attention should be paid to protecting the anterior tibia.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 2","pages":"204-210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147624348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facet Effusion-Incorporating Grading System: A Modified Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Classification That Enhances Surgical Prognostication in Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis.","authors":"Sung Taeck Kim, Dong-Ho Kang, Hyoungmin Kim, Bong-Soon Chang, Jae Hun Kim, Seonpyo Jang, Jun-Yeop Lee, Sam Yeol Chang","doi":"10.4055/cios24494","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios24494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgroud: </strong>The conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) grading system for foraminal stenosis (FS), known as the Lee classification, was introduced in 2010 and is widely utilized in clinical practice. Previous studies have reported that the conventional grading system for FS lacks prediction ability for surgical treatment. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel MRI grading system for lumbar FS with improved prediction ability for surgical treatment by incorporating facet effusion to indicate segmental instability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with lumbar FS between 2011 and 2017 who had a follow-up period of at least 5 years. The FS severity was assessed using a conventional MRI grading system developed by Lee et al. We recorded whether the patient underwent surgical treatment for FS during the follow-up period and the time from the initial diagnosis to surgery. Survival analysis using a Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test was performed to verify the impact of FS severity on the surgical treatment. We performed additional survival analysis after modifying the grading system by incorporating the presence of excessive facet joint effusion assessed using axial MRI. We also compared the discrimination ability of the modified and conventional grading systems using Uno's concordance index (C-index).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 235 patients with a mean age of 63.7 years were included in this study. During the mean follow-up period of 8.1 years, 63 patients underwent surgical treatment for FS. The conventional grading system revealed no significant difference in survival between the grade 2 and 3 groups (<i>p</i> = 0.104). Conversely, the modified grading system revealed a significant difference in survival between the new grade 2 and 3 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). After modification, the discrimination ability, assessed using Uno's Cindex, significantly improved from 0.69 to 0.73.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Facet Effusion-Incorporating Grading System, which adds excessive facet joint effusion to the conventional MRI grading framework, demonstrated improved predictive value for surgical treatment and better discriminatory ability compared with the original system.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"71-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atelocollagen Improves Bone-to-Tendon Interface Healing in a Rabbit Model of Chronic Rotator Cuff Tear Compared with Polydeoxyribonucleotide.","authors":"Jian Han, Zhan-Feng Zhang, Shen-Yun Fang, Yun-Mei Cui, Sheng Chen Han","doi":"10.4055/cios25055","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios25055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgroud: </strong>Surgeons face challenges in selecting cost-effective and biologically active agents for rotator cuff healing, given the numerous commercial products available, such as polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and atelocollagen (ATC). However, the precise efficacy of PDRN and ATC in rotator cuff healing remains debatable, and there is currently a lack of studies directly comparing the effects of the 2 agents on repaired cuff tendons. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of PDRN and ATC on bone-to-tendon interface (BTI) healing using a chronic rotator cuff tear (RCT) model in rabbits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups. To create chronic RCT models, transected tendons were left untreated for 6 weeks, and then were repaired in a transosseous manner with PDRN and ATC injection into the repair site according to group allocation (group A: saline, group B: PDRN, group C: ATC; n = 16 per group). Genetic and immunofluorescence analyses were performed at 4 weeks after surgery. Furthermore, genetic, histologic, and biomechanical analyses were performed at 12 weeks after surgery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 4 weeks after surgery, ATC-injected shoulders showed the highest mRNA expression levels of collagen type I alpha 1 and aggrecan compared to the other 2 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> = 0.002, respectively). Meanwhile, there was more preliminary fibrocartilaginous matrix formation in the ATC-injected group. At 12 weeks after surgery, ATC-injected shoulders demonstrated better collagen fiber continuity and orientation, denser collagen fibers, a more mature bone-to-tendon junction, and greater fibrocartilage layer formation compared to the other 2 groups (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, ATC-injected shoulders also demonstrated a significantly higher load-to-failure value (40.4 ± 4.5 N/kg) than the remaining groups (group A, 26.7 ± 3.0 N/kg; group B, 32.8 ± 4.2 N/kg; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ATC demonstrated superior efficacy in promoting BTI healing following surgical repair in a chronic RCT model of rabbits.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"167-175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Functional Outcomes Following Combined Pelvic Ring and Acetabular Fractures: A 2-Year Retrospective Analysis.","authors":"Yong-Cheol Yoon, Chang-Wug Oh, Sang-Roc Han, Hee-June Kim, Joon-Woo Kim","doi":"10.4055/cios25150","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios25150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgroud: </strong>Combined pelvic ring and acetabular fractures are complex injuries associated with high morbidity. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, limited data are available on the long-term functional outcomes and associated factors. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with functional outcomes in surgically treated patients with combined pelvic ring and acetabular fractures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 25 adult patients who underwent definitive surgical fixation for radiologically confirmed combined pelvic ring and acetabular fractures at a Level I trauma center between 2005 and 2021, with a minimum clinical and radiological follow-up of 24 months. Surgical approaches included the Kocher-Langenbeck or modified Stoppa methods, tailored to fracture morphology. Matta-Saucedo and Matta criteria assessed the pelvic ring and acetabular reduction quality, respectively. Functional outcomes at 2 years were evaluated using the Rommens-Hessmann criteria. Neurological recovery was assessed clinically and by electromyography where indicated. The association between the injury characteristics and functional recovery was evaluated using <i>t</i>-tests and Fisher's exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean patient age was 40.4 years, and 72% were male. Transverse acetabular fractures (58.6%) and anteroposterior compression pelvic ring injuries (64%) were the most common injuries. Anatomic or congruent acetabular reduction (within 2-3 mm) was achieved in 89.6% of fractures and was significantly associated with superior functional outcomes (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Conversely, the pelvic ring reduction quality did not significantly correlate with functional outcomes (<i>p</i> = 0.314). Transverse acetabular fractures (<i>p</i> = 0.046) and initial neurological deficits (<i>p</i> = 0.032) were associated with poorer recovery. Among the patients with neurological injury, 60% achieved partial or full recovery. Overall, bony union occurred in 96% of cases, with a mean time to union of 14.3 weeks. Reported complications included neurological deficits (40%) and infections (8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Functional outcomes following the surgical fixation of combined pelvic and acetabular fractures are primarily influenced by the acetabular reduction quality and neurological status at presentation. Transverse fracture patterns are complex and associated with nerve injuries, posing additional challenges. These findings emphasize the importance of precise joint reduction and early neuroassessment. Further multicenter, prospective studies are warranted to optimize the management of these complex injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Clinical Effect of Trochlear Dysplasia on Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: Supratrochlear Spur and Lateral Inclination.","authors":"Jin-Gyu Kim, Junwoo Byun, Min Jung, Kwangho Chung, Hyun-Soo Moon, Se-Han Jung, Chong-Hyuk Choi, Sung-Hwan Kim","doi":"10.4055/cios25022","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios25022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Dejour classification is widely accepted for grading the severity of trochlear dysplasia. However, whether it serves as a reliable prognostic marker for patellar instability surgery or a guide for clinical decision-making has yet to be established. Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, with or without tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO), yields comparable outcomes across Dejour grades. Nonetheless, we hypothesized that specific trochlear parameters would be more significant predictors of surgical results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction, with or without TTO, for recurrent patellar dislocation at a single institution between 2010 and 2023. Patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. Preoperative demographics, radiographic measurements such as sulcus angle, lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), and trochlear depth, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and intraoperative findings including cartilage status were analyzed. Severe trochlear dysplasia (STD) was categorized as Dejour B/D, while non-STD encompassed all other cases, and these 2 groups were compared. Postoperative PROMs were assessed at 1 year postoperatively and at the final follow-up. A noninferiority test was performed using Kujala, Lysholm, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, with the inferiority margin defined by the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Linear relationships between LTI, a widely used indicator of trochleoplasty, and PROMs were evaluated. Additionally, differences in the proportion of patients achieving MCID, substantial clinical benefit, and patient-acceptable symptom state were analyzed using odds ratios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-two knees (41 patients) were finally enrolled. Radiographic measurements, except for LTI at the most proximal trochlea, showed no significant differences between the STD and non-STD groups. Clinical outcomes also demonstrated no significant differences between the 2 groups, and noninferiority was confirmed. When analyzed based on LTI, no differences in PROMs were observed at the postoperative 1 year. However, at the final follow-up (mean, 37.27 months), the most proximal trochlear LTI showed significant correlations with both Kujala and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score over the follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MPFL reconstruction, with or without TTO, leads to similar clinical improvements for STD classified by Dejour criteria. However, when assessed using proximal LTI, dysplasia's role as a prognostic factor should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"52-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric Variations in Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Corridors in Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis: A Comparative Study of the Apex Direction.","authors":"Ji Uk Choi, Dong-Ho Lee, Chang Ju Hwang, Sehan Park, Jae Hwan Cho","doi":"10.4055/cios25155","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios25155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgroud: </strong>Degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) alters spinal anatomy, impacting the feasibility and dimensions of surgical corridors for oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF). This study aimed to compare the morphometric characteristics of OLIF corridors between patients with left- and right-apex curves, focusing on corridor dimensions, psoas muscle asymmetry, and segmental artery positioning.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>retrospective analysis of 80 patients with DLS (left apex: n = 43; right apex: n = 37) was conducted. Corridor angles and distances, psoas muscle cross-sectional areas, and segmental artery locations were measured at L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5 using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multivariate regression analysis identified key anatomical predictors of corridor variation at L2-3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regardless of the apex direction, the left-sided corridor was consistently larger across all levels. Corridor angles were significantly greater on the left side in both groups (left apex: L2-3, 39.7° vs. 13.5°; L3-4, 38.3° vs. 11.9°; L4-5, 38.6° vs. 6.9°; right apex: L2-3, 53.7° vs. 18.1°; L3-4, 43.1° vs. 18.5°; L4-5, 28.6° vs. 11.9°). Psoas muscle areas were larger on the concave side of the curve (left apex: 125.7 mm² vs. 67.9 mm²; right apex: 125.4 mm² vs. 77.4 mm²). Segmental artery positioning exhibited curvedependent asymmetry at L2-3 (left apex: 8.8 mm vs. 7.9 mm; right apex: 9.6 mm vs. 8.0 mm). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that in the left apex group, the left psoas area (β = -0.132) and segmental artery distances were significant predictors of corridor angle variation (<i>R</i> ² = 0.517). In the right apex group, psoas asymmetry (β = 0.123) and sagittal alignment (β = -0.851) were associated with corridor differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>OLIF corridors in DLS patients demonstrate consistent left-sided dominance, regardless of apex direction. Psoas muscle asymmetry and segmental artery positioning contribute to corridor variations. While the left-sided approach remains standard, right-sided access may be feasible in select cases, particularly at L4-5. These findings provide insights for optimizing preoperative planning and surgical decision-making in DLS patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"96-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Sleep Patterns with the Development of Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Nationwide Pediatric Cohort Study.","authors":"Weonmin Cho, Soo-Bin Lee, Sahyun Sung, Ji-Won Kwon, Seong-Hwan Moon, Kyung-Soo Suk, Hak-Sun Kim, Si-Young Park, Byung Ho Lee","doi":"10.4055/cios25256","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios25256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is multifactorial, and the influence of lifestyle factors such as sleep is not clearly understood. Differences in scoliosis incidence between urban and rural areas have been reported, but the contributing factors remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the association between sleep patterns and the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis and explored whether these patterns contribute to the observed urban-rural disparity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study utilized data from the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey (2010-2016) and the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service for 4,693 students (age, 7-18 years). Various lifestyle factors including sleep patterns, learning time, and activity times, were compared between urban and rural areas, and a correlation analysis was performed between these factors and the age-specific incidence of idiopathic scoliosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Urban students, who exhibited higher idiopathic scoliosis incidence rates, tended to have later bedtimes and shorter total sleep durations than rural students. Longer learning hours were also observed in urban areas. Significant correlations were found between idiopathic scoliosis incidence and bedtime (<i>p</i> = 0.031), total sleep time (<i>p</i> = 0.026), and changes in total sleep time (<i>p</i> = 0.011).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that later bedtimes and shorter sleep durations may contribute to idiopathic scoliosis development in children and adolescents. The higher idiopathic scoliosis incidence in urban students than in rural students could be partially explained by these sleep pattern differences, highlighting the need for further research into the role of sleep in scoliosis onset and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"78-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Performance of Monoaxial Versus Polyaxial Locked Plates for Bone Fracture Repair: A Review.","authors":"Radovan Zdero, Emil H Schemitsch, Pawel Brzozowski, Z Shaghayegh Bagheri","doi":"10.4055/cios24492","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios24492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Widely used \"locking\" bone fracture plates include standard monoaxial locking plates (MLPs) that allow a single screw insertion angle relative to the plate, as well as newer polyaxial locking plates (PLPs) that permit various screw insertion angles relative to the plate. This is the first review of all studies that compared the mechanical performance of MLPs vs. PLPs. PubMed and Web of Science were searched using the phrases \"locked plate polyaxial\" and \"locked plate variable.\" Eligibility criteria were applied: mechanical studies, rather than clinical studies, that directly compared MLPs vs. PLPs; bone fracture studies, rather than spine fusion or joint arthroplasty studies; studies published in English; and studies from any date. The 32 studies used experimental testing or computational modeling to compare MLPs vs. different types of PLPs either as implant-bone constructs or isolated implants. The studies employed different bone sites (humerus, radius, femur, tibia, calcaneus, \"generic\" long bone, implant only), bone qualities (normal, osteoporotic, unknown), fracture sites (proximal, midshaft, distal), and loading modes (axial, bending, torsional). The studies reported mechanical outcome metrics like stiffness, strength, fragment or fracture motion, bone or plate peak stress, and cyclic fatigue life; but no studies reported screw peak stress or bone \"stress shielding\" risk. The highest mechanical stability was obtained by different implants for the humerus (PLP with \"cap\" locking), radius (MLP or PLP with \"bushing\" or \"flange\" locking), femur (PLP with \"cap\" locking), tibia (PLP with \"bushing\" locking), calcaneus (PLP with \"flange\" or \"score\" locking), \"generic\" long bone (PLP with \"cap\" locking), and isolated implant without bone (PLP with \"cap\" locking). General trends in results, tabulated numerical data, practical \"key concepts,\" clinical aspects, and recommendations for future work were also given in this review. PLPs almost always provided greater mechanical stability than MLPs for various bone fracture applications, but the specific type of PLP depended on the bone site.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Changes in Range of Motion and Capsular Fibrosis Following Remobilization in a Rat Adhesive Capsulitis Model Using Cast Immobilization.","authors":"Du-Han Kim, Ji-An Kim, Jong Pil Yoon, Chul-Hyun Cho","doi":"10.4055/cios25059","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios25059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgroud: </strong>The objective of this study was to investigate sequential changes in range of motion (ROM) and histopathology of the joint capsule after remobilization in a rat adhesive capsulitis (AC) model using cast immobilization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were immobilized with casting of the left shoulder. After 4 weeks, the rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 5 per group) according to the duration of remobilization following cast removal: 0 (D0), 1 (W1), 2 (W2), 3 (W3), 4 (W4), 5 (W5), and 6 (W6) weeks. At each time point, 5 rats were euthanized for measurement of the glenohumeral abduction angle and evaluation of capsular thickness in the axillary recess.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Abduction angle was sequentially increased at each time point after remobilization with cast removal. Significant differences between immobilized and non-immobilized shoulders were observed at D0 (130.4° vs 161.3°), W1 (144.7° vs 160.7°), and W2 (142.3° vs 161.3°). Significant differences in capsular thickness of the axillary recess were observed between immobilized and non-immobilized shoulders at all time periods including D0 (98.0 μm vs. 12.9 μm), W1 (117.7 μm vs. 12.2 μm), W2 (115.7 μm vs. 13.1 μm), W3 (54.1 μm vs. 14.9 μm), W4 (54.5 μm vs. 13.4 μm), W5 (23.8 μm vs. 13.5 μm), and W6 (19.8 μm vs. 12.4 μm). Significant differences in capsular fibrosis scores were observed between immobilized and non-immobilized shoulders at W1 (2.2 vs. 0.2) and W2 (2.2 vs. 0.0).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study showed that ROM increased sequentially after remobilization in a rat AC model using cast immobilization, and it was normalized at 6 weeks after cast removal. Capsular thickening decreased sequentially, but remained at 6 weeks after cast removal. These findings may provide useful information for further research into verifying potential therapeutic targets using a rat AC model with cast immobilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potentially Overlooked Dangers: Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of Incidental Extraspinal Findings on Cervical Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Retrospective Analysis of 2,286 Cases.","authors":"Sung Jin Shin, Seung Myung Wi","doi":"10.4055/cios25062","DOIUrl":"10.4055/cios25062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgroud: </strong>Cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can reveal incidental extraspinal findings (IESFs) unrelated to the primary evaluation of cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Recognizing these lesions is crucial because some may require further investigation or treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed 2,286 non-contrast cervical spine MRI scans performed between January 2019 and July 2024 in patients presenting with neck pain, shoulder pain, or neurological deficits suggestive of cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Patients with a history of malignancy, known head and neck tumors, or previous cervical surgeries were excluded. Board-certified radiologists initially interpreted all scans. Documented IESFs were categorized into 5 groups: thyroid nodules, lymphadenopathy, soft-tissue tumors, brain lesions, and other head and neck lesions. Clinical follow-up data were analyzed to determine lesion outcomes. Statistical comparisons of demographics were performed using chi-square, <i>t</i>-test, and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IESFs were identified in 103 of 2,286 scans (4.5%). Thyroid nodules were the most common (n = 64, 2.0%), followed by lymphadenopathy (n = 16, 0.5%). Females had a higher incidence of IESFs than males (64.4% vs. 35.6%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and the mean age was significantly higher in the IESF group (58.4 vs. 54.7 years, <i>p</i> = 0.033). Of 94 patients with available follow-up, 7 (7.4%) were confirmed malignant: 5 thyroid nodules and 2 lymphadenopathies. Two additional cases underwent surgery for pituitary and parathyroid adenomas. Four IESFs went unrecognized on initial review, underscoring the risk of missed diagnoses when the clinical workload is high.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IESFs in cervical spine MRI were detected in 4.5% of cases, with a notable subset being malignant. These findings emphasize the importance of systematic review protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure clinically significant lesions are identified and managed promptly.</p>","PeriodicalId":47648,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"18 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}