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On analysing fragments: the case of No? 关于片段分析：《没有？
IF 1.3 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2022-0096
Phillip Wallage, Wim van der Wurff
{"title":"On analysing fragments: the case of No?","authors":"Phillip Wallage, Wim van der Wurff","doi":"10.1515/ling-2022-0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0096","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper addresses the analysis of sentence fragments, specifically the English negative polar response item no. Two main types of synchronic analysis have been proposed for present-day English – one in which yes and no are syntactically inert particles which substitute for a clause, the other in which they are the initial element of an elided clause. Using diachronic data from 15th- to 17th-century English, we argue that the emergence of a novel other-speaker question pattern involving no demonstrates that speakers of early English analysed interrogative polar no as the initial element of a clause with TP-ellipsis. This novel pattern has received little attention in the literature, yet this grammatical innovation is interesting because its emergence demonstrates how diachronic change can be used as a diagnostic for underlying grammatical structure.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On analysing fragments: the case of No? 关于片段分析：《没有？
IF 1.3 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2022-0096
Phillip Wallage, Wim van der Wurff
{"title":"On analysing fragments: the case of No?","authors":"Phillip Wallage, Wim van der Wurff","doi":"10.1515/ling-2022-0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0096","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper addresses the analysis of sentence fragments, specifically the English negative polar response item no. Two main types of synchronic analysis have been proposed for present-day English – one in which yes and no are syntactically inert particles which substitute for a clause, the other in which they are the initial element of an elided clause. Using diachronic data from 15th- to 17th-century English, we argue that the emergence of a novel other-speaker question pattern involving no demonstrates that speakers of early English analysed interrogative polar no as the initial element of a clause with TP-ellipsis. This novel pattern has received little attention in the literature, yet this grammatical innovation is interesting because its emergence demonstrates how diachronic change can be used as a diagnostic for underlying grammatical structure.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Areal and phylogenetic dimensions of word order variation in Indo-European languages 印欧语词序变异的区域和系统发育维度
IF 1.3 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2022-0146
Christian Ebert, Balthasar Bickel, Paul Widmer
{"title":"Areal and phylogenetic dimensions of word order variation in Indo-European languages","authors":"Christian Ebert, Balthasar Bickel, Paul Widmer","doi":"10.1515/ling-2022-0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0146","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Both areal and phylogenetic affiliation have been discussed as driving factors of the distribution of word order in the languages of the world. However, disentangling the interaction of these two factors is challenging. Here we take Indo-European as a test case. Word order in this family is largely homogeneous both within areas and within branches, which makes it difficult to assess which factor was more important in shaping the present-day distribution. To break out of this impasse we turn to corpus data and explicit statistical modeling. Building on a parallel corpus of movie subtitles, we investigate word order on the sentence level under stable pragmatic conditions. We measure the similarity of word order variation between pairs of languages with an information-theoretic distance metric. Using cluster analysis and variation partitioning methods these distance metrics show that phylogenetic distance predicts more variation than geographical distance, but the most important predictor is the shared fraction where phylogeny and area overlap. We conclude that word order has evolved along both dimensions and cannot be reduced to a single one.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A register approach to negative concord versus negative polarity items in English 从语域角度研究英语中的负协和与负极性项目
IF 1.3 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2023-0016
Stephanie Rotter, Mingya Liu
{"title":"A register approach to negative concord versus negative polarity items in English","authors":"Stephanie Rotter, Mingya Liu","doi":"10.1515/ling-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Negative concord (NC) is used in many English varieties but usually considered ungrammatical in ‘standard’ contemporary English, where negative polarity items (NPIs) are used. In this paper, we take a novel experimental approach to the use of NC versus NPI constructions, in relation to register, sets of speech repertoires linked to specific situational and functional parameters. We report on two rating experiments with American and British English participants using interlocutor relations as a formality manipulation. Results show that (i) across both samples, NC constructions were rated as less appropriate than NPI associates, and (ii) there was a register effect in the American English data in that NC was rated less appropriate in formal than informal contexts. Our study is the first to provide experimental evidence for the register-sensitivity of NC constructions in American English.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Competing constructions in Kaqchikel focus contexts 卡奇克尔语重点语境中的竞争结构
IF 1.3 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2020-0016
Raina Heaton
{"title":"Competing constructions in Kaqchikel focus contexts","authors":"Raina Heaton","doi":"10.1515/ling-2020-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study provides new data on the use of agent focus (AF) versus transitive constructions in Kaqchikel. This work follows up on a study done by Heaton et al. (Heaton, Raina, Kamil Deen & William O’Grady. 2016. An investigation of relativization in Kaqchikel Maya. Lingua 170. 35–46) which found that while questioning the subject of a transitive verb regularly requires the use of AF or an antipassive, relativizing the subject of a transitive verb does not. Present findings show that AF is only common in half of the six primary syntactic contexts that allow it, which is unexpected under the assumption that AF is a last resort strategy. I suggest that the differences between these syntactic contexts in Kaqchikel are related to the presence of a preverbal lexical NP element which is available to be interpreted as the agent. Comparative descriptive evidence is also compiled demonstrating that transitive verbs are possible in syntactic contexts that traditionally have been considered to require AF across Eastern Mayan languages.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A three-way distinction in definiteness: sortal, individual, and functional concepts in Réyoné 定义的三重区分：雷约内语中的分类、个体和功能概念
IF 1.3 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0218
Ulrike Albers
{"title":"A three-way distinction in definiteness: sortal, individual, and functional concepts in Réyoné","authors":"Ulrike Albers","doi":"10.1515/ling-2021-0218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0218","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article offers a case study of a definiteness split in a language in which three different types of nominal expressions are available for definite descriptions. The article contributes ample empirical data and comprises a close investigation of the patterns found in Reunion Creole (Réyoné), the language under study. Réyoné displays one kind of contrast also found in other languages which is frequently analyzed in terms of semantic versus pragmatic definiteness (following Löbner) or uniqueness versus familiarity (following Schwarz). What sets Réyoné apart from other languages though, is that it features a determiner that is dedicated to functional concepts. The language thereby distinguishes individual from functional concepts: the former type (the sun; the News) is exclusively expressed by bare noun phrases, while functional concepts – definite descriptions with functional head nouns (prefect of y; head of y), including a subtype of bridging reference, as well as compositionally created functional relations such as superlatives – are realized by lo-marked noun phrases. These facts offer strong support for Löbner’s theory. The article also discusses demonstrative descriptions, which have already been reported to play a role in certain definiteness splits, and which are obligatory with sortal concepts in Réyoné. It is argued that demonstratives are pragmatic definites.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Opening up Corpus FinSL: enriching corpus analysis with linguistic ethnography in a study of constructed action 打开语料库 FinSL：在建构行动研究中用语言人种学丰富语料库分析
IF 1.1 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2023-0196
Anna Puupponen, Gabrielle Hodge, Benjamin Anible, Juhana Salonen, Tuija Wainio, Jarkko Keränen, Doris Hernández, Tommi Jantunen
{"title":"Opening up Corpus FinSL: enriching corpus analysis with linguistic ethnography in a study of constructed action","authors":"Anna Puupponen, Gabrielle Hodge, Benjamin Anible, Juhana Salonen, Tuija Wainio, Jarkko Keränen, Doris Hernández, Tommi Jantunen","doi":"10.1515/ling-2023-0196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2023-0196","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Corpus methods are now established within the field of signed language linguistics. Empirical investigations of signed language corpora have challenged many early assumptions about the nature of deaf community signed languages, while making us more aware of the limitations of traditional corpus documentation methods. One limitation relates to insufficient documentation of ethnographic information that is often necessary for accurately understanding and interpreting corpus data. Linguistic ethnography offers unique possibilities for addressing this limitation. This article outlines a novel interview method developed to enrich the original Corpus of Finnish Sign Language (Corpus FinSL) with additional ethnographic information eight years after it was first documented and archived with standard IMDI corpus metadata. We interviewed 22 Corpus FinSL signers about their family and social networks, as well as their lifelong language, geographical, educational, and employment trajectories. Here we describe how this information illuminates the linguistic analysis and interpretation of constructed action – an enactment-based way to express meaning – in Corpus FinSL data. Our results reveal constructed action in FinSL discourse is influenced by factors like signer’s educational background and age, but not exclusively by family networks or use of other sign languages. The interview materials demonstrate diversity and change in the communicative ecologies of FinSL, which is discussed in relation to the use of constructed action in FinSL. We argue that this kind of approach enables signed language corpus linguistics to “open up” more to signers’ lived experiences, while still “tying down” empirical descriptions of FinSL. A major benefit is the enrichment of both machine-readable annotations and metadata, while supporting deeper engagement between deaf signing communities and signed language corpus projects.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aspectual reduplication in Sign Language of the Netherlands: reconsidering phonological constraints and aspectual distinctions 荷兰手语中的词性重迭：重新考虑语音限制和词性区别
IF 1.1 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2022-0076
C. van Boven
{"title":"Aspectual reduplication in Sign Language of the Netherlands: reconsidering phonological constraints and aspectual distinctions","authors":"C. van Boven","doi":"10.1515/ling-2022-0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0076","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the use of predicate reduplication to express aspectual meaning in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). The study focuses on three aspect types that have been found to be encoded by reduplication across sign languages – habitual, continuative, and iterative – and addresses potential phonological restrictions. Naturalistic corpus data and data elicited from six deaf NGT signers were taken into account. The results suggest that (i) predicate reduplication can express all three aspect types, but it is optional; (ii) reduplication expressing habitual and continuative aspect appears to be phonologically constrained; and (iii) such phonological constraints do not apply to iterative reduplication, whose form is different from the other two aspects, in that the reduplication cycles are separated by pauses. Since there is no formal difference between habituals and continuatives in the data, it is suggested that this semantic distinction may not be grammaticalized in the language, and that, possibly, the inflectional system of NGT instead more broadly distinguishes imperfective/perfective viewpoint. While this latter suggestion is in line with findings reported for many spoken languages, the results are different from what has previously been described for NGT as well as for other sign languages. Potential explanations for these differences can be found in both methodological and sociolinguistic factors.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dialect separation and cross-dialectal influence: a study on the grammatical gender of Oromo 方言分离和跨方言影响：奥罗莫语的语法性别研究
IF 1.1 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2022-0119
Tekabe Legesse Feleke
{"title":"Dialect separation and cross-dialectal influence: a study on the grammatical gender of Oromo","authors":"Tekabe Legesse Feleke","doi":"10.1515/ling-2022-0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0119","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The extent to which the grammar of one dialect influences the grammar of another and the mechanisms that bidialectal speakers employ to distinguish a target grammar from non-target grammar have not been adequately investigated. In this study, we elucidate these issues by investigating the grammatical gender of Oromo, a Cushitic language that is spoken in Ethiopia. The results from two successive offline experiments indicate that Oromo bidialectal speakers can differentiate between the grammar of their native dialect and that of a non-native dialect in both spoken and written modes. This finding implies the existence of a dual-system representation of grammar. Moreover, there is a significant amount of dialect mixing that varies across various developmental stages and modalities. The bidialectal speakers’ ability to differentiate between the grammar of their native dialect and that of a non-native dialect is constrained by the magnitude of their exposure to the non-native dialect, modalities, and a specific property of grammatical forms. Here, we propose an interactive dialect separation model that accounts for diverse dialect contexts.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141014981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Morphosyntactic stereotypes of speakers with different genders and sexual orientations: an experimental investigation 不同性别和性取向说话者的语素定型：一项实验研究
IF 1.1 2区 文学
Linguistics Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2022-0143
Pekka Posio, Sven Kachel, Gloria Uclés-Ramada
{"title":"Morphosyntactic stereotypes of speakers with different genders and sexual orientations: an experimental investigation","authors":"Pekka Posio, Sven Kachel, Gloria Uclés-Ramada","doi":"10.1515/ling-2022-0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous research has identified differences in language use between speakers representing different genders and sexual orientations, as well as stereotypical beliefs about the existence of such differences. The present paper investigates such stereotypical beliefs among speakers of two varieties of Spanish and explores whether linguistic stereotypes of gender and sexual orientation are stronger in a society with more conservative gender roles. We conducted an experiment where 252 speakers of European and Mexican Spanish were shown pairs of texts and sentences depicting the same event but differing in the use of morphosyntactic resources, creating stereotypically “masculine” and “feminine” variants of the same text or sentence. The informants were asked which of the variants was more likely uttered by a woman (rather than a man), a lesbian woman (rather than a straight woman), or a gay man (rather than a straight man). Some of the morphosyntactic features were strongly associated with speaker gender (e.g., use of first- and second-person singular) and others with lesbian (e.g., use of impersonal structures) or gay speakers (e.g., direct reported speech). Contrary to expectations, the responses did not differ according to informants’ age, gender, or nationality. While the present study did not reveal any differences between the two societies, more cross-linguistic and cultural research is needed to elucidate the effect of society on morphosyntactic variation and stereotypes thereof.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141015854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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