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Empirical Properties of Crime Rate Trends 犯罪率趋势的经验性质
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189979
D. McDowall
{"title":"Empirical Properties of Crime Rate Trends","authors":"D. McDowall","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189979","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the operation of the time series processes that underlie U.S. crime rate trends. These processes are important because they carry the influence of the variables that generate the rates. They limit the forms that explanations of crime trends can take, and they open avenues for new theoretical development. Using data from the nation and a panel of large cities, analysis finds that crime trends operate much like random walks or their smoothed cousins; that they rarely deviate from a constant pattern; and that they show little evidence of nonlinearity. The article discusses the substantive implications of these features for understanding crime trends, and it considers directions for expanding the study of their empirical properties.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41961362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trends in U.S. Mass Shootings: Facts, Fears and Fatalities 美国大规模枪击事件的趋势:事实、恐惧和死亡
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189987
J. Fox
{"title":"Trends in U.S. Mass Shootings: Facts, Fears and Fatalities","authors":"J. Fox","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189987","url":null,"abstract":"Although representing a rather small percentage of gun deaths in the United States, mass shootings receive a disproportionate share of crime news coverage, with the fears of countless Americans at a level well above the actual risk. This article attempts to clarify some of the wide-ranging confusion regarding what exactly is a mass shooting, how often they occur, and whether they have been on the rise over the past several years. After discussion of some methodological issues associated with measuring prevalence, trends exhibited in several reliable data sources on mass shooting are presented. The article concludes with a brief discussion of contagion and whether it is reasonable to expect that the recent spike in mass shootings will persist.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46615963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Research Utility of the National Violent Death Reporting System for Understanding Homicide Trends 国家暴力死亡报告系统对了解凶杀趋势的研究效用
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189985
Ethan M. Rogers, Jonathan Davis
{"title":"The Research Utility of the National Violent Death Reporting System for Understanding Homicide Trends","authors":"Ethan M. Rogers, Jonathan Davis","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189985","url":null,"abstract":"Homicide trend research has relied heavily on the same two data systems for decades. The current article highlights the research utility of a newer database—the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)—for examining the contours of homicide change. First, we describe the history, design, and availability of the NVDRS, and review past homicide and longitudinal studies using these data. Second, we discuss two features of the data system that researchers should consider when conducting homicide trend analyses: (a) data availability and representativeness and (b) data completeness. Third, we demonstrate a strong degree of correspondence between NVDRS homicide victimization trends and trends from other data systems. Fourth, we illustrate the ways in which the NVDRS can enrich our understanding of homicide trends by examining how homicide characteristics changed during the two recent homicide spikes from 2014 to 2016 and 2019 to 2020.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48463817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Identifying Multilevel Community Supervision Challenges to Inform Diversion Approaches for People With Mental Illnesses 识别多层次社区监督挑战，为精神疾病患者提供信息转移方法
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189418
Allison K. Waters, Mariah Cowell Mercier, Mackensie Disbennett, Suzanne Ziaii, Gary S. Cuddeback, Tracy Velázquez, Tonya B. Van Deinse
{"title":"Identifying Multilevel Community Supervision Challenges to Inform Diversion Approaches for People With Mental Illnesses","authors":"Allison K. Waters, Mariah Cowell Mercier, Mackensie Disbennett, Suzanne Ziaii, Gary S. Cuddeback, Tracy Velázquez, Tonya B. Van Deinse","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189418","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to divert people with mental illnesses from the criminal legal system are widespread among mental health and criminal justice authorities. Most diversion efforts focus on directing individuals with mental illnesses to treatment; however, these treatment-focused interventions are an insufficient approach to diverting people with mental illnesses from the criminal legal system and fail to adequately address organizational and system-level factors that impact criminal legal system involvement. This study uses a social ecological approach to identify multilevel supervision challenges that probation officers face in diverting people with mental illnesses from future criminal legal system involvement. Twenty-six probation agency representatives from across the United States were interviewed as part of a larger study about supervising people with mental illnesses on probation. Salient themes indicate diversion targets related to (1) probation officer and agency capacity, (2) interorganizational relationships and roles, and (3) resources and systems in the local community. A comprehensive framework for diversion must include a both-and approach that maintains focus on individual-level supports and predictors of recidivism and violations, while also targeting the macro- or system-level factors that create the conditions for recidivism at the individual level.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"513 - 536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41390302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Who Deserves Diversion? A Theoretical Critique of Mitigation, Consequentialism, and the Juvenile Court 谁值得转移注意力?对减刑、结果主义和少年法庭的理论批判
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189616
S. Zane, D. Mears
{"title":"Who Deserves Diversion? A Theoretical Critique of Mitigation, Consequentialism, and the Juvenile Court","authors":"S. Zane, D. Mears","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189616","url":null,"abstract":"The juvenile court was created as a means of diverting youth from the criminal justice system, and, in turn, diversion within the juvenile court has been used for a variety of purposes. This paper argues that an understanding of diversion, and its implications, requires distinguishing deservingness and consequentialism. Analysis of the former goal entails a focus on mitigation and draws attention to a critical gap in scholarship—namely, how do juvenile courts decide which youth deserve diversion? While risk and needs assessments likely play a role, so, too, may mitigation assessments about which youth are more deserving of interventions that may impose less punishment and more rehabilitation. In advancing this argument, we discuss ways in which a focus on diversion, and on mitigation, help to illuminate fundamental tensions in juvenile justice. We discuss, too, ways in which this focus can help to advance research and policy.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"570 - 589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41468407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Occupational Stress Associated With Technological Diversion Among Pretrial Services Officers: A Qualitative Case Study of GPS Supervision for Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence Cases 审前服务人员与技术转移相关的职业压力:亲密伴侣和家庭暴力案件GPS监控的定性案例研究
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189628
S. Lawson, Eric Grommon
{"title":"Occupational Stress Associated With Technological Diversion Among Pretrial Services Officers: A Qualitative Case Study of GPS Supervision for Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence Cases","authors":"S. Lawson, Eric Grommon","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189628","url":null,"abstract":"The application of global positioning system (GPS) technology as a pretrial diversion mechanism to monitor intimate partner and domestic violence (IPV/DV) cases has become increasingly common. As more jurisdictions implement GPS technology, there is a need to understand the workplace experiences of community corrections officers with this nascent supervision strategy. This qualitative case study draws upon the experiences gleaned from in-depth interviews with all the pretrial officers assigned to technology caseloads (n = 8) in a single jurisdiction to explore prevailing occupational stress themes associated with GPS supervision for IPV/DV cases as a diversion from pretrial detention. The results reinforce and extend a range of well-established stressors in the extant literature related to pretrial officers managing a GPS caseload of IPV/DV defendants. The findings highlight that pretrial officers using GPS technology are expected to serve in other unique roles (e.g., critical educator, software engineer, data collection specialist, communication expert, and victim advocate) in the course of their duties that were unanticipated sources of occupational stress. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"590 - 612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45821830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Perspectives on Diversion in the Criminal Justice and Health care Systems 在刑事司法和卫生保健系统转移的观点
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189410
Jerry M. Stott, Jordan T. Giese, L. Gittner, Robert E. Forbis, Jeff A. Dennis
{"title":"Perspectives on Diversion in the Criminal Justice and Health care Systems","authors":"Jerry M. Stott, Jordan T. Giese, L. Gittner, Robert E. Forbis, Jeff A. Dennis","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189410","url":null,"abstract":"This introduction offers a primer for this special edition of the Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. The purpose is to provide an interdisciplinary platform for scholars and practitioners to communicate perspectives of criminal justice, criminology, and law; public policy and administration, economics and political science; social work and sociology; behavioral health, counseling and psychology; public health, emergency medicine, and psychiatry around diversion. While disciplines share objectives of diversion as (1) rehabilitation, (2) efficient case processing, and (3) reducing resources, the defining and reporting of diversion differs. Justice-involved individuals with mental health issues making successful re-entry into the civil society, however, becomes convoluted. Diversion in practice has taken many shapes. Diversion in theory has taken many meanings. This special edition offers a variety of empirical and theoretical articles that attempt to provide clarity to an often implemented and understudied area of criminal justice and health care. Interviews with street-level officials, quantitative analyses of programs, and philosophical challenges to innate assumptions about individuals and systems are seen from a wide variety of scholars. The authors showcase their varied backgrounds with graduate students, university faculty, and practitioners, offering the fields of criminal justice and health care insight into diversion at all levels.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"464 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45965761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diversion: A Systems Theory Perspective 分流：系统论视角
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189415
L. Gittner, Jeff A. Dennis, Robert E. Forbis
{"title":"Diversion: A Systems Theory Perspective","authors":"L. Gittner, Jeff A. Dennis, Robert E. Forbis","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189415","url":null,"abstract":"There is a distinct lack of a normative theory for diversion of justice-involved individuals with mental illness at the intersection of the criminal justice and health care systems. The nexus where the criminal justice and health care systems are supposed to connect during diversion is not conceptually framed in a measurable way. The paper proposes a potential systems theory of diversion that explicates the overlapping boundaries within and between the criminal justice and health care systems. From a systems perspective, diversion is operationalized differently depending on the entry of an individual with justice involvement and mental illness into one of the systems. The criminal justice and health care systems have multiple levels (micro-, meso-, and macro-), but individuals enter both systems at the respective systems intersection of the micro- and meso-levels. The theoretical disconnect may fail to consider the impact of criminal justice diversion on the health care system. We propose a unified systems theory of diversion to improve evaluation, comparability, sustainability, resource allocation, and outcomes of diversion programs.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"471 - 490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42235716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diversion: Where Do We Go From Here? 转移注意力:我们将何去何从?
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189639
Robert E. Forbis, L. Gittner, Jeff A. Dennis, Jerry M. Stott, Jordan T. Giese
{"title":"Diversion: Where Do We Go From Here?","authors":"Robert E. Forbis, L. Gittner, Jeff A. Dennis, Jerry M. Stott, Jordan T. Giese","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189639","url":null,"abstract":"This conclusion provides a brief synopsis of the research articles presented in this special edition of The Journal of Contemporary Justice. The research findings clearly demonstrate that when the objective of diversion is sought by diversion-based programs where the criminal justice and health care systems intersect, processes and services frequently break down. As this collection of articles highlights, our collective understanding of diversion is siloed by academic discipline; thus, the broader picture of diversion remains muddled. It remains muddled because the reporting of diversion is scattered across disciplinary journals where a more robust understanding of diversion becomes unwieldy if not impossible for researchers and practitioners alike without sifting through multiple books, journals, manuscripts, and websites. Therefore, diversion will continue to elude efficacy without the coordination and cooperation of numerous disciplines spanning both the criminal justice and health care systems diversion. As this collection of articles strongly suggests, there is a need to create a transdisciplinary understanding of diversion as well as publication outlets so best practices can be developed and shared in one place.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"633 - 635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45391273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Studying Crime Trends: Introduction to the Special Issue 研究犯罪趋势:特刊导言
IF 2 2区 社会学
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189977
R. Rosenfeld, Mark T. Berg
{"title":"Studying Crime Trends: Introduction to the Special Issue","authors":"R. Rosenfeld, Mark T. Berg","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189977","url":null,"abstract":"The study of change over time in crime rates is as old as criminology itself. A fundamental question about crime rates is whether they are moving up or down. This special issue of the Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice brings together recent research on trends in crime and related issues, such as arrests, imprisonment, terrorism, and reporting crimes to the police. These papers show that the study of crime trends is alive and well in criminology and point to innovative data sources, methods, and topics that deepen our understanding of how and why crime rates move up and down over time.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43515041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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