Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice最新文献

Explaining the Extraordinary Decline in Chicago’s Homicide Arrest Rates, 1965 to 1994 and Beyond: Trends in Case Mix Versus Standards for Arrest 芝加哥杀人案逮捕率异常下降的原因，1965 年至 1994 年及其后：案件组合趋势与逮捕标准

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231219470

Philip J. Cook, Javier Lopez

{"title":"Explaining the Extraordinary Decline in Chicago’s Homicide Arrest Rates, 1965 to 1994 and Beyond: Trends in Case Mix Versus Standards for Arrest","authors":"Philip J. Cook, Javier Lopez","doi":"10.1177/10439862231219470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231219470","url":null,"abstract":"Chicago’s homicide arrest rate dropped from 91% in 1965 to 57% in 1994 and dropped still lower in recent years. This pattern mirrors the trend in the national homicide clearance rate. A plausible explanation for this great decline is the trend in homicide case mix, which arguably has made it intrinsically more difficult to solve homicide cases. Our analysis describes the change in case mix for the period 1965 to 2020 and analyzes the effect on the arrest rate for the first 30 years of this period, all by use of a unique homicide case microdata set. We document the large changes in case mix: for example, the percentage of all homicides in which a male victim was shot outdoors increased from 18% (1965) to 69% (2020). But the change in case mix does not account for Chicago’s great decline during the earlier decades, as we demonstrate by use of a novel arrest rate index. In fact, the arrest rates in each of the categories defined by location, sex, and weapon type exhibited similar declines through 1994. (Subsequent years of arrest data are unavailable for now.) Our preferred explanation for the great decline is that the operational standard for making an arrest increased during this period. That interpretation is well supported by evidence explaining the corresponding national trend, though direct evidence is lacking for Chicago. This interpretation challenges the use of the arrest rate as a police performance indicator and offers a positive interpretation of the great decline.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparing the Determinants of Worldwide Homicide and Terrorism 比较世界范围杀人和恐怖主义的决定因素

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231190213

G. LaFree, Bo Jiang, Yesenia Yanez

{"title":"Comparing the Determinants of Worldwide Homicide and Terrorism","authors":"G. LaFree, Bo Jiang, Yesenia Yanez","doi":"10.1177/10439862231190213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231190213","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, the study of terrorism has been increasingly integrated into mainstream criminology. Like other types of criminal behavior, terrorism can be divided into etiology (an emphasis on “breaking laws”) and criminal justice (an emphasis on “making laws” and “reacting toward the breaking of laws”). Moreover, like the study of crime, the study of terrorism is inherently multidisciplinary. Nevertheless, terrorism differs from more common forms of crime in fundamental ways: Terrorist perpetrators, unlike common criminals, rarely see themselves as criminal, often seek rather than eschew publicity, and often have broader political goals. Despite similarities and differences, we could identify little prior research that has directly compared the determinants of terrorism and more ordinary types of crime. In this article, we create large cross-national datasets on homicides and terrorist attacks and then compare the effects of a set of common economic, political, and social variables on each. We find a good deal of similarity in the determinants of the two types of violence. Both homicide and terrorism are more common in countries with high GDP, high percent urban, high ethnic fractionalization, and in countries moving toward democratization. Both homicide and terrorism are low in countries experiencing high globalization. Although homicides are more common in countries experiencing high levels of inequality and poverty, neither of these two variables is significantly associated with terrorist attacks. We discuss the implications of the findings for theory, policy, and future research.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47023811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The COVID-19 Pandemic, Prison Downsizing, and Crime Trends 新冠肺炎疫情、监狱规模缩小和犯罪趋势

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231190206

C. Kubrin, Bradley J. Bartos

{"title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic, Prison Downsizing, and Crime Trends","authors":"C. Kubrin, Bradley J. Bartos","doi":"10.1177/10439862231190206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231190206","url":null,"abstract":"California has fundamentally reformed its criminal justice system. Since 2011, the state passed several reforms which reduced its massive prison population. Importantly, this decarceration has not harmed public safety as research finds these measures had no impact on violent crime and only marginal impacts on property crime statewide. The COVID-19 pandemic furthered the state’s trend in decarceration, as California reduced prison and jail populations to slow the spread of the virus. In fact, in terms of month-to-month proportionate changes in the state correctional population, California’s efforts to reduce overcrowding as a means to limit the spread of COVID-19 reduced the correctional population more severely and abruptly than any of the state’s decarceration reforms. Although research suggests the criminal justice reforms did not threaten public safety, there is reason to suspect COVID-mitigation releases did. How are COVID-19 jail downsizing measures and crime trends related in California, if at all? We address this question in the current study. We employ a synthetic control group design to estimate the impact of jail decarceration intended to mitigate COVID-19 spread on crime in California’s 58 counties. Adapting the traditional method to account for the “fuzzy-ness” of the intervention, we utilize natural variation among counties to isolate decarceration’s impact on crime from various other shocks affecting California as a whole. Findings do not suggest a consistent relationship between COVID-19 jail decarceration and violent or property crime at the county level.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45659182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Declining Trends in Crime Reporting and Victims’ Trust of Police in the United States and Major Metropolitan Areas in the 21st Century 21世纪美国及主要城市警察犯罪报告和受害者信任度下降趋势

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231190212

Min Xie, Veyli Ortiz Solis, P. Chauhan

{"title":"Declining Trends in Crime Reporting and Victims’ Trust of Police in the United States and Major Metropolitan Areas in the 21st Century","authors":"Min Xie, Veyli Ortiz Solis, P. Chauhan","doi":"10.1177/10439862231190212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231190212","url":null,"abstract":"Victims’ willingness to report crime and their opinions about the police are important indicators of police performance, police legitimacy, and trust in the justice system. This study examines two decades of trends in police notification and victims’ perceptions of the police in the United States and major metropolitan areas since 2000, using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). In contrast to previous studies indicating an increase in police notification in the 1980s and 1990s, the present study shows a progressive decline in police notification observed in the last two decades, especially since 2010. Furthermore, there has been a marked increase in victims’ mistrust of police responsiveness since the mid-2000s. Using multivariable regression models that control for potential changes in the characteristics of crime and survey methodology, we find that the victims’ rising distrust of the police is widespread in many metropolitan areas, in all racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups, and especially so for victims of theft, burglary, and simple assault. In the discussion, we suggest that the changing policing strategies and the evolving economic, political, and social environments of the 21st century may help explain the trends identified by this research. Understanding victim reporting trends and victims’ opinions of the police may affect data and policy and help the justice system to better serve victims and enhance public safety.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47670701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Standardized Matrix for Mental Health Diversion Program Reporting 心理健康分流计划报告的标准化矩阵

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189629

L. Gittner, Jeff A. Dennis

引用次数: 0

Re-Envisioning Public Safety Through an Embedded Police Social Worker (PSW) Model: A Promising Approach for Multidisciplinary Resource Delivery and Diversion 通过嵌入式警察社会工作者（PSW）模式重新设想公共安全：一种有前途的多学科资源交付和转移方法

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-06 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189423

Caroline Conrad Ban, Julia Elizabeth Riordan

{"title":"Re-Envisioning Public Safety Through an Embedded Police Social Worker (PSW) Model: A Promising Approach for Multidisciplinary Resource Delivery and Diversion","authors":"Caroline Conrad Ban, Julia Elizabeth Riordan","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189423","url":null,"abstract":"Cities across the political spectrum in the United States are shifting toward co-responder models that involve social workers with police departments in some capacity, but research is lagging about the proper role of police social workers (PSWs). This case study explores how the micro and macro roles of the embedded PSW model can improve resource delivery and divert people in crisis away from the criminal justice system. Few research studies to date have explored the role and potential effectiveness of creating such a position within police departments. An analysis of 7 months of data found that the PSW was much more efficient than officers in making referrals for high-needs clients. Furthermore, high-needs clients were more likely to have unmet basic needs such as shelter, food, and health care, indicating that police departments may frequently interact with people who have high levels of such needs. Qualitative case notes also revealed that PSWs can divert individuals from the criminal justice system by using crisis intervention and de-escalation techniques on-scene with clients. This research has important implications for improving community safety and well-being, and this case study reveals that PSWs with micro and macro skills are a promising model for improving public safety and justice in the right context.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"537 - 554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43697070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forecasting Future Crime Rates 预测未来犯罪率

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-06 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231190215

R. Rosenfeld, Mark T. Berg

引用次数: 0

Outcomes of a Court-Based Substance Use Disorder Diversion Pilot Program: A Cost Analysis 以法院为基础的物质使用障碍转移试点项目的结果:成本分析

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189615

Ariel L. Roddy, Tristan Nighswander, Juliette Roddy, B. Ray

{"title":"Outcomes of a Court-Based Substance Use Disorder Diversion Pilot Program: A Cost Analysis","authors":"Ariel L. Roddy, Tristan Nighswander, Juliette Roddy, B. Ray","doi":"10.1177/10439862231189615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189615","url":null,"abstract":"This research presents the outcomes of a substance use diversion program in a Midwestern county. Specifically, this work assesses the efficacy (operationalized through re-arrest) and cost-efficacy (operationalized through cost per 1% reduction in re-arrest likelihood) of the program across varying levels of American Society of Addiction Medicine levels of care (ASAM LOC). Using a sample of 430 program participants, findings illustrate that the program overall reduced the likelihood of re-arrest over both a 6- and 12-month horizon across program completers. However, more granular analyses revealed differences across ASAM LOC; the most statistically robust form of treatment was the most intensive 3.5 ASAM LOC, which led to an 82% reduction in 6-month re-arrest and an 80% reduction in 12-month re-arrest for those who completed the program relative to those who did not. The 3.5 ASAM LOC was also the most cost-effective among those explored, costing $66.04 per 1% reduction in recidivism. The outcomes of this work emphasize (a) the relevance of the ASAM LOC in determining program efficacy and (b) the need for varying levels of treatment intensity to better accommodate the needs of substance use disorder diversion participants.","PeriodicalId":47370,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","volume":"39 1","pages":"555 - 569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41439586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Was There a Universal Homicide Increase in 2014 to 2016 and 2019 to 2020? 2014年至2016年和2019年至2020年全球凶杀案是否有所增加?

2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231190214

Meghan L. Rogers

引用次数: 0

City-Level Violent Crime Trends and Racial-Ethnic Income Inequality 城市暴力犯罪趋势与种族-民族收入不平等

IF 2 2区社会学

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/10439862231189986

Kelsey Cundiff

引用次数: 0