Health Risk & Society最新文献_第8页

Contrasting norms on the use of evidence in risk assessment: the controversy surrounding the carcinogenicity of glyphosate 风险评估中证据使用规范的对比:围绕草甘膦致癌性的争议

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-05-18 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1777946

Emanuela Bozzini

{"title":"Contrasting norms on the use of evidence in risk assessment: the controversy surrounding the carcinogenicity of glyphosate","authors":"Emanuela Bozzini","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1777946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1777946","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world, used in farming as well as home gardening since the mid ‘70 s. For decades it was considered by regulators an ‘ideal’ pesticide: deadly to pests, respectful of humans. In 2015, it unexpectedly became highly controversial because of conflicting scientific assessments of its carcinogenic effects. On the one hand the UN International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as ‘probably a carcinogen’; on the other the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that glyphosate should be classified as ‘not a carcinogen’. In this I article I develop an explanation for differences in the assessments made by these two regulatory agencies. Whereas most sociological explanations for regulatory disagreements focus on cultural and organisational factors, in this article I advance a normative institutionalist explanation for differences in the outcome of risk assessments. Accordingly, I posit that formal norms regulating the procedures for appraisal directly affect the final outcome by establishing the criteria for the type, quantity and quality of evidence assessed. On the basis of the glyphosate case study, the article discusses advantages and shortcomings of different procedural norms for the selection and evaluation of scientific evidence, and their implications for the overall quality of risk assessments.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"90 1","pages":"197 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80167791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Where does risk lie in sexual practices? A study of young people’s social representations 性行为的风险在哪里?青少年社会表征研究

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-05-18 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1793304

Nahia Idoiaga, L. Gil de Montes, Nagore Asla, M. Larrañaga

{"title":"Where does risk lie in sexual practices? A study of young people’s social representations","authors":"Nahia Idoiaga, L. Gil de Montes, Nagore Asla, M. Larrañaga","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1793304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1793304","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we investigate the social representations of risky sexual practices. Specifically, we analyse the circumstances in which young Spanish people consider a sexual practice as risky, and how such ‘representations’ of risk have implications for decisions about using condoms. We use the Grid Elaboration Method to gather the naturalistic thoughts and feelings of 175 young people regarding risky sexual practices and performed a lexical analysis of the content of the responses using Iramuteq software. Our analyses suggested two main textual universes regarding risky sexual practices. The first of these, at a theoretical-informative level, is clearly linked to the discourse of experts, where condom use is a key factor and risk is distanced from the self. The second, at a practical-applied level, represents risky sexual practices in a context that is linked to the unknown and a lack of control due to the use of substances or the spontaneity of the sexual encounter. We conclude that understandings of risk emerge from various sources of information, values, or social conventions that articulate everyday understandings and are likely to guide sexual practices, some of which are far removed from expert risk knowledge. We therefore understand representations of risk in sexual relations as situated within a social context. We conclude by discussing the substantive, theoretical, and practical consequences of this social construction of risk.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"88 1","pages":"249 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77086204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Risk and preventing perinatal HIV transmission: uncovering the social organisation of prenatal care for women living with HIV in Ontario, Canada 风险和预防围产期艾滋病毒传播:揭示加拿大安大略省感染艾滋病毒妇女产前护理的社会组织

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1760217

A. Ion, S. Greene, C. Sinding, D. Grace

{"title":"Risk and preventing perinatal HIV transmission: uncovering the social organisation of prenatal care for women living with HIV in Ontario, Canada","authors":"A. Ion, S. Greene, C. Sinding, D. Grace","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1760217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1760217","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an institutional ethnography that explored how risk discourse organised the experiences of pregnant women living with HIV and was reproduced in the work of healthcare providers operating in a ‘high risk’ prenatal clinic in Ontario, Canada. This inquiry began from the standpoint of pregnant women living with HIV, and made connections between women’s experiences, the work of healthcare providers delivering prenatal care, and the ruling relations that organised women’s experiences and healthcare providers’ activities. The study revealed how risk was an omnipresent discourse in women’s lives and became visible through the treatments women were prescribed, the prenatal clinic appointment schedule women were expected to follow, and the application of medical interventions. The discourse of risk coordinated the work of healthcare providers and was inextricably linked to practices that prioritised foetal health. Women’s daily realities and experiences were overshadowed by the healthcare providers’ focus on the foetus and mitigating perinatal risks. As a result, the work women did to organise their lives to participate in care, and the physical and emotional costs they experienced when attending their appointments, taking their medicines, and following clinical procedures were overshadowed within an institutional context where the primary goal was to reduce risks to their babies – even if women shared concerns and aspirations about preventing perinatal HIV transmission. Women’s experiences reveal some important consequences regarding the current organisation of prenatal care that emphasises risk and possible ways to enhance prenatal care policies and practices.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"478 1","pages":"136 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79947326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Fifty years after surgeon general’s report: cultural cognition, biased assimilation, and cigarette smoking risk perceptions among college students 在卫生局局长报告发布50年后:文化认知、偏见同化和大学生吸烟风险认知

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1769566

S. Ofori-Parku

{"title":"Fifty years after surgeon general’s report: cultural cognition, biased assimilation, and cigarette smoking risk perceptions among college students","authors":"S. Ofori-Parku","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1769566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1769566","url":null,"abstract":"Research suggests that cultural worldviews bias how and what people think about various societal risks. But how does this mechanism manifest when people receive balanced information about a highly publicised health issue such as cigarette smoking? Using the cultural cognition worldview scales, we demonstrate that despite the considerable interventions post the 1964 landmark Surgeon General’s Report, young adults in the U.S. still perceive smoking risks in ways that affirm their cultural worldviews along two dimensions: egalitarianism-hierarchism and individualism-communitarianism. Those who subscribe to hierarchical and individualistic worldviews were more dismissive of the risks associated with cigarette smoking and exposure, while egalitarians and communitarians associated smoking with higher risks. We observed an interaction between the two worldview dimensions. Besides, exposed to balanced information – as is often the case in media coverage based on the journalistic norm of balance – about the risks and benefits of smoking, those who are concurrently hierarchical and individualistic in their outlook assimilated information about benefits while discounting the dangers of smoking. Egalitarian communitarians (on the other end of the continuum) discounted the benefits information vis-à-vis the risk information. Thus, culturally-biased cognition of risk perception does not only apply to novel and abstract risks but also highly publicised ones. Communication and public policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"81 1","pages":"156 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80479483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

The perception gap: how the benefits and harms of cervical cancer screening are understood in information material focusing on informed choice 认知差距:如何在关注知情选择的信息材料中理解宫颈癌筛查的益处和危害

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1778645

Gabriela Byskov Petersen, Christina Sadolin Damhus, Alexandra Brandt Ryborg Jønsson, J. Brodersen

{"title":"The perception gap: how the benefits and harms of cervical cancer screening are understood in information material focusing on informed choice","authors":"Gabriela Byskov Petersen, Christina Sadolin Damhus, Alexandra Brandt Ryborg Jønsson, J. Brodersen","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1778645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1778645","url":null,"abstract":"The benefits and harms of cervical cancer screening are delicately balanced, and in that sense, many argue that participation should be based on an informed choice. Information pamphlets play a central part in the process of obtaining informed consent from women, and therefore adequate communication about health and risk is essential. However, pamphlets on screening have been shown to be information poor and biased in favour of participation, and little attention has been paid to how the pamphlets are understood. The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to develop evidence-based information material on cervical cancer screening; and 2) to investigate how women understand and interpret this information. We carried out semi-structured interviews with 17 women aged 23–55 in two interview rounds. We analysed the transcribed interviews using meaning condensation theory, which we followed with a second order analysis guided by approaches to cognitive dissonance. Generally, we found that the newly developed information succeeded in presenting understandable health and risk information on cervical cancer screening. Participants, however, still sometimes struggled with understanding the numerical risk and their preconceptions about screening led them to focus on the benefits and downplay the harms. According to cognitive dissonance theory, our second finding points to the use of defence mechanisms which create a perception gap between the written information and the participants’ understanding of the information. We conclude by arguing that breaching the perception gap is necessary if we want to increase possibilities for making an informed choice about participation in cervical cancer screening.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"70 1","pages":"177 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74509238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Reflecting on and celebrating 21 years of Health, Risk & Society 反思和庆祝21年的健康、风险与社会

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1776848

A. Alaszewski

引用次数: 1

Bottom-up meets top-down: exploring vapers’ accounts of risk in a context of e-cigarette controversies 自下而上与自上而下相遇:在电子烟争议的背景下，探索电子烟使用者对风险的描述

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1749571

Rikke Tokle

{"title":"Bottom-up meets top-down: exploring vapers’ accounts of risk in a context of e-cigarette controversies","authors":"Rikke Tokle","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1749571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1749571","url":null,"abstract":"Framed both as a solution to and as an additional part of the tobacco problem, e-cigarettes have been the subject of risk controversies since they were launched in 2006, followed by massive divergence in media, public health approaches and regulations across the world. This study explores vapers’ risk perceptions and accounts of the public risk communication and regulation of e-cigarettes in a Norwegian context were nicotine-containing e-liquids are prohibited from being sold by domestic retailers. Based on analyses of semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 30, 17 males) with adult vapers, I find that the participants emphasised three important dimensions related to risk. First, they perceived vaping as harm reduction by substituting for smoking. Second, they devalued much of the risk communication about e-cigarettes from Norwegian health authorities and media. Interlinked with their harm-reduction approach, they perceived the present regulation of nicotine e-liquid and vaporisers as increasing risk by decreasing their availability to smokers. Third, in general they preferred the lay expertise available online to the health authorities’ information on e-cigarettes. The analysis displays a lack of trust among the participants in what can be labelled as top-down information. Based on these dimensions, I conclude that the dissonance between vapers risk perceptions and the regulation and mixed messages in risk communication of e-cigarettes has contributed to their preference for bottom-up expertise. From the vapers’ point of view, e-cigarettes represent harm reduction, and the vaper community symbolises a bottom-up health movement where peer assistance compensates for a perceived lack of assistance from health authorities.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"240 1","pages":"118 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78542284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Childhood epilepsy in contemporary society: risk perceptions among children and their family members 当代社会中的儿童癫痫:儿童及其家庭成员的风险认知

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1714556

M. Webster

{"title":"Childhood epilepsy in contemporary society: risk perceptions among children and their family members","authors":"M. Webster","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1714556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1714556","url":null,"abstract":"Although uncertainty is a key characteristic of epilepsy, and despite the close relationship between uncertainty and risk, our understanding of individuals’ experiences of childhood epilepsy in relation to risk is limited. In this paper I explore family members’ perceptions of the risks associated with the condition by drawing on qualitative data collected during 2013 and 2014 from 24 families with a child with epilepsy (including data from 28 parents, 13 children with epilepsy and 14 siblings). The diagnosis of childhood epilepsy provided parents and children with a new framework that they used to evaluate risks posed by the physical environment. Indeed, roads, water and heights were reconceptualised when viewed through an ‘epilepsy lens’ and were seen to present more risk to the child with epilepsy in comparison to the level of risk the same hazards posed to their siblings or peers. Furthermore, while parents described prioritising new and reconceptualised physical risks to their child, the children with epilepsy were more concerned about being stigmatised by their peers. The children’s discussions surrounding stigma suggest that this results from interactions with their peers, rather than stigma being learnt within the family, as previous studies have suggested. Overall, I demonstrate that risk is a central feature of contemporary experiences of epilepsy for children with the condition and their parents, but that parents and children perceive and prioritise risks differently.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"43 1","pages":"53 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80910944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Multi-layered risk management in under-resourced antenatal clinics: a scientific-bureaucratic approach versus street-level bureaucracy 资源不足的产前诊所的多层风险管理:科学官僚主义方法与街头官僚主义

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2019.1697432

Tracey Feltham-King, C. Macleod

{"title":"Multi-layered risk management in under-resourced antenatal clinics: a scientific-bureaucratic approach versus street-level bureaucracy","authors":"Tracey Feltham-King, C. Macleod","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2019.1697432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2019.1697432","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we contribute to critical risk approaches to studying pregnancy and childbirth in the global South. Following Sarah Rudrum’s work, our approach focusses on sociocultural inequalities amid the regulation of individuals. We draw on data from our Foucauldian-inspired ethnography of two antenatal clinics in an under-resourced area of South Africa to illustrate how multi-layered risk management operates in these spaces. These data were collected over a period of six months in the form of semi-structured interviews, observations of consultations and waiting room interactions, documents used in the clinic, and posters appearing on the clinic walls. Our findings show how a scientific-bureaucratic approach to pregnancy risk management, as encoded in international, national and institutional guidelines, is well known, highly visible, and practised through surveillance and reporting mechanisms in clinics. This approach incites healthcare practitioners to achieve particular performance standards and to monitor their professional agency. Managing pregnancy risk thus entails regulating the healthcare practitioners themselves. In implementing approved pregnancy risk management strategies in an over-subscribed and under-resourced public healthcare setting, however, healthcare practitioners face potential risk to their professional reputation and integrity. In managing this risk, they resist the scientific-bureaucratic approach through: depicting themselves as victims of unfair institutional arrangements or unreasonable patients; instituting street-level bureaucracy to control access to the clinics; and controlling patients’ actions in authoritarian ways. Our research shows that without engagement with the on-the-ground realities of the antenatal clinic in resource-poor environments, a scientific-bureaucratic approach to pregnancy risk management is inevitably limited in its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"31 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82971170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

‘Living with’ air pollution in Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire): a study of risk culture and silent suffering in three occupational areas 与阿比让(科特迪瓦)的空气污染“共存”:对三个职业领域的风险文化和无声痛苦的研究

IF 2.1 4区医学

Health Risk & Society Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1721443

S. Becerra, M. Belland, A. Bonnassieux, C. Liousse

{"title":"‘Living with’ air pollution in Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire): a study of risk culture and silent suffering in three occupational areas","authors":"S. Becerra, M. Belland, A. Bonnassieux, C. Liousse","doi":"10.1080/13698575.2020.1721443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2020.1721443","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient air pollution is currently a major environmental health hazard in many urban areas across the African continent. Driven by the increased concentration of human activities in cities, occupational exposure represents one of the main risk factors to disease burden. Consequently, ‘living with’ air pollution is a significant daily life public health issue. In this study, we focus on three specific occupational sites in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, representing different major pollution sources – road traffic, wood fires and waste-burning fires. We explore in particular the social experiences of people exposed to chronic air pollution as well as the distribution of health risks across different occupational sources. We assessed the characterization of the ‘risk culture’ of workers, studying if it varies according to participants’ occupations and how it influenced their exposure. Our analysis combines a qualitative assessment of the ‘risk culture’ of air pollution with the development of a Risk Culture Indicator (RCI). We show firstly that the working conditions and occupational practices in each group shape specific representations of air pollution, varying levels and emphasis within understandings of risk as represented within the RCI scores. We also demonstrate that occupational status in each group plays a role in reducing exposure to air pollution, with those most vulnerable socio-economically remaining the most exposed. Finally, the findings suggest that risk culture is the combination of a tangible experience of air pollution and other risks encountered in daily life, technical mediations shaping that experience (objects and equipment), as well as existing power relationships. These considerations of risk culture should be considered as an integral part in assessment of health risks.","PeriodicalId":47341,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk & Society","volume":"EM-32 1","pages":"106 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84532834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5