Journal of Strategic Studies最新文献

{"title":"How dawn turned into dusk: Scoping and closing possible nuclear futures after the Cold War","authors":"Benoît Pelopidas, Hebatalla Taha, Tom Vaughan","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2290441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2290441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"49 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Going nuclear: The development of American strategic conceptions about cyber conflict","authors":"Cameron L. Ross","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2286431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2286431","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139218539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aligning tactics with strategy: Vertical implementation of military doctrine","authors":"Johan Nisser","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2284632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2284632","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139221531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How small states break oil sanctions: Israel’s oil import strategy in the 1970s","authors":"Elai Rettig, Ziv Rubinovitz","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2271175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2271175","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article argues that small oil-importing states are particularly adept at circumventing oil sanctions and leveraging them to further expand their own markets. It points to the unique advantages and necessary preconditions that make small states successful in their search for ‘sanctions busters’ in the global oil market, especially when approaching countries that recently became oil exporters. Using declassified Israeli, British and US archival material, this article sheds light on how Israel capitalized on the 1973 Arab oil embargo to gain access to Ecuador’s market through its oil sector, but failed to repeat this success in Norway and the United Kingdom.KEYWORDS: Oilsanctions bustingsmall statesIsraelembargo Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 Nicholas Mulder, The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 2022).2 UN Security Council, ‘SC/13141 – Security Council Tightens Sanctions on Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2397’, 22 December 2017, https://press.un.org/en/2017/sc13141.doc.htm.3 Phillip Brown, Oil Market Effects from US Economic Sanctions: Iran, Russia, Venezuela (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2020).4 US Department of Treasury, ‘Treasury Expands Burma-Related Sanctions and Designates Additional Jet Fuel Suppliers in Burma’, Press Release, 23 August 2023.5 US Congress, ‘S.4407 – China Oil Export Prohibition Act of 2022’, 15 June 2022. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4407/amendments?r=2&s=1.6 Yangyang Chen et al., ‘Impact Assessment of Energy Sanctions in Geo-conflict: Russian – Ukrainian War’, Energy Reports 9 (2023), 3082–3095.7 Blake Clayton and Michael Levi, ‘The Surprising Sources of Oil’s Influence’, Survival 54/6 (2012), 107–122; Llewelyn Hughes and Eugene Gholz, ‘Energy, Coercive Diplomacy, and Sanctions’, in Thijs Van de Graaf, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Arunabha Ghosh, Florian Kern and Michael T. Klare (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 487–504; Emma Ashford, ‘Not-so-smart Sanctions: The Failure of Western Restrictions against Russia’, Foreign Affairs 95/1 (2016), 114–123.8 Dursun Peksen, ‘When Do Imposed Economic Sanctions Work? A Critical Review of the Sanctions Effectiveness Literature’, Defence and Peace Economics 30/6 (2019), 635–647.9 Itay Fischhendler, Lior Herman and Nir Maoz, ‘The Political Economy of Energy Sanctions: Insights from a Global Outlook 1938–2017’, Energy Research and Social Science 34 (2017), 62–71.10 Bryan R. Early, ‘Sleeping with Your Friends’ Enemies: An Explanation of Sanctions-Busting Trade’, International Studies Quarterly 53/1 (2009), 49–71; Early, ‘Unmasking the Black Knights: Sanctions Busters and Their Effects on the Success of Economic Sanctions’, Foreign Policy Analysis 7/4 (2011), 381–402; Jonathan Golub, ‘Improving An","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"68 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135725703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Gore-War: Counterfactuals and the 2003 Iraq War","authors":"Joseph Stieb","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2266577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2266577","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper offers a constructivist critique of Frank Harvey’s ‘Gore-War’ counterfactual, in which he argues that the hypothetical President Al Gore also would have gone to war with Iraq. Harvey overlooks how the George W. Bush administration shaped the structural context in which it acted in ways that made war increasingly likely. I trace two key phases in the road to war in which this dynamic occurred: 1. The half-year after 9/11 in which Bush established Iraq as the centerpiece of his response to terrorism. 2. The period from fall 2002 to early 2003 in which Bush pursued the strategy of ‘coercive diplomacy’ in a manner that all but predetermined the failure of inspections. Using historical evidence about the views of Gore, his likely advisors, and the Democratic policy establishment, I argue for the plausibility of the ‘Gore-Peace’ counterfactual in which President Gore shaped the context of decision-making on Iraq differently than Bush, prioritized Iraq less, and thereby avoided generating pressure or momentum for war. I conclude with reflections on this argument’s implications for counterfactual methodology, historiography, and policy.KEYWORDS: agent-structurecounterfactualsGeorge W. BushIraq WarWar on Terror AcknowledgmentsThank you to Theo Milonopoulos, David Logan, Michael Brenes, Jesse Tumblin, and Andrew Stigler for advice on this article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Richard Ned Lebow, Forbidden Fruit: Counterfactuals and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 44; Steve Kornacki, ‘Why President Gore Might Have Gone into Iraq After 9/11, Too,’ Salon.com, August 30, 2011 (accessed April 5, 2023).2 David Dessler, ‘What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate,’ International Organization 43/3 (Summer 1989), 466-68; Robert Jervis, ‘Do Leaders Matter and How Would We Know?’ Security Studies 22, no. 2 (2013): 153-179; Walter Carlsnaes, ‘The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis,’ International Studies Quarterly 36, no. 3 (September 1992), 245-270.3 Frank Harvey Explaining the Iraq War: Counterfactual Theory, Logic, and Evidence (New York: Cambridge University Press 2011), 1-8.4 Harvey, Iraq War, 140, 284.5 Ibid., 34-37.6 On this ‘process tracing’ method, see: James Mahoney, ‘Process-Tracing and Historical Explanation,’ Security Studies 24, no. 2 (2015), 204.7 David Houghton, ‘Reinvigorating the Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making: Toward a Constructivist Approach,’ Foreign Policy Analysis 3, no. 1 (January 2007), 27-30; Alexander Wendt, ‘The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory,’ International Organization 41, no. 3 (2009), 335-370; Jutta Weldes, ‘Constructing National Interests,’ European Journal of International Relations 2, no. 3 (1996), 275-281.8 Philip Tetlock and Aaron Belkin, eds., Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics: Logical, Methodological, and Psychological Perspectives (Princet","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information security in the space age: Britain’s Skynet satellite communications program and the evolution of modern command and control networks","authors":"Aaron Bateman","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2265072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2265072","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTBritain initiated its Skynet satellite communications program in 1966 to provide assured connectivity with its forces across the world. Using recently declassified documents, this article reframes the history of British space activities by elucidating how the requirements for flexible and secure defense communications shaped U.K. space policy during the Cold War. Although Skynet inaugurated a communications revolution, it was the product of the longstanding British priority of possessing global information networks under sovereign control. In the Space Age, however, Britain had to reconcile its desire for an autonomous satellite communications network with the reality that American assistance was vital.KEYWORDS: Information networksinformation securityspacealliance management Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 ‘Annex A’ in ‘Outline Defence Communications Network Plan 1968–72, February 1, 1967, FCO 19/9, TNA.2 For an overview of submarine cables and the British Empire, see Paul Kennedy, ‘Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914’, The English Historical Review, vol. 86, no. 341 (1971); Daniel Headrick, The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Bruce Hunt, Imperial Science: Cable Telegraphy and Electrical Physics in the Victorian British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).3 As will be detailed below, Skynet functioned, in effect, as the British segment of the American defense satellite communications network. Skynet satellites were interoperable with American hardware.4 These difficulties were not unique to satellite communications. John Krige has detailed the complexities of Anglo-American cooperation in centrifuge technologies, see John Krige, ‘Hybrid Knowledge: The Transnational Co-Production of the Gas Centrifuge for Uranium Enrichment in the 1960s’, British Journal for the History of Science vol. 45, no. 3 (2012) and John Krige, Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016), 119–149.5 Charles Hill, A Vertical Empire: The History of the UK Rocket and Space Programme 1950–1971 (London: Imperial College Press, 2001). For works on the early history of U.K. space policy see, Neil Whyte and Philip Gummett, ‘The Military and Early United Kingdom Space Policy’, Contemporary Record, vol. 8 no. 2 (1994); Neil Whyte and Philip Gummett, ‘Far Beyond the Bounds of Science: The Making of the United Kingdom’s First Space Policy’, Minerva, vol. 35, nol. 2 (1997).6 For an overview of the role of national security space technologies in Anglo-American relations, see Aaron Bateman, ‘Keeping the Technological Edge: The Space Arms Race and Anglo-American Relations in the 1980s’, Diplomacy & Statecraft, vol. 33, no. 2 (2022).7 Information security here encompasses the physical infrastructure for securely transmitting sensitive data as well as encryption.8 For background see Kennedy","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136357968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unpacking the varying strategic logics of total defence","authors":"Jan Angstrom, Kristin Ljungkvist","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2260958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2260958","url":null,"abstract":"What is the strategic logic of so-called ‘total defence’? At first glance, total defence may appear as one coherent strategic concept. Indeed, it was predominantly small, non-aligned states that pursued total defence during the Cold War. In this article, however, we demonstrate that depending on how ‘total war’ is understood, there are subsequently different strategic logics ingrained in total defence. We show this by developing a typology of different total defences; and by empirically illustrating variation in strategic logics over time through a historical analysis of the total defence(s) in Sweden. Recognising the inherent variation of total defence is important since it helps us to understand that hidden behind a nominal pursuit of a total defence strategy are multifaceted strategies.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135581610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radical war: Data, attention and control in the 21st century <b>Radical war: Data, attention and control in the 21st century</b> , by Matthew Ford and Andrew Hoskins, London, Hurst &amp; Company, 2022, xix + 281 pp., £20.00 (paperback), ISBN 9781787386990","authors":"Huw Bennett","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2262770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2262770","url":null,"abstract":"\"Radical war: Data, attention and control in the 21st century.\" Journal of Strategic Studies, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135582139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reversal of nuclear-conventional entanglement in outer space","authors":"Robert S. Wilson, Russell Rumbaugh","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2249622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2249622","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, scholars have grappled with the risks and conditions of nuclear-conventional entanglement. One of the examples of entanglement discussed in the academic literature is U.S. nuclear command and control satellites, which have historically served both nuclear and conventional missions. From 2017 to 2019, the U.S. Air Force made a series of programmatic decisions that would, at least in part, reverse this entanglement, separating nuclear from non-nuclear spacecraft. This reversal of nuclear-conventional entanglement in outer space poses strategic consequences, but it was less a strategic choice made by U.S. leadership than the result of acquisition reforms and bureaucratic dynamics.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135397269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Did the Bush Administration mean well?","authors":"Campbell Craig","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2236869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2236869","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86332497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}