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Advances in Child Development and Behavior最新文献

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Does essentialism lead to racial prejudice? It is not so Black and White. 本质主义会导致种族偏见吗?事情并不是那么非黑即白。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-05-21 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/zkqrx
T. Mandalaywala
{"title":"Does essentialism lead to racial prejudice? It is not so Black and White.","authors":"T. Mandalaywala","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/zkqrx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zkqrx","url":null,"abstract":"Over half a century ago, psychologists hypothesized that social essentialism, an intuitive theory comprising the beliefs that social categories reflect naturally occurring distinctions and that category members share an underlying and fundamental essence, lays the foundation for prejudice. In the intervening decades, research has shown that although essentialism sometimes leads to prejudicial beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, it does not always, sometimes even leading to decreased prejudice toward stigmatized groups. The relation between essentialism and prejudice is clearly complex, but this review proposes four questions that will help clarify how and when essentialism leads to prejudice: (1) What precisely is essentialism and how might a more nuanced understanding of its components and structure shed light on the mechanisms by which essentialist beliefs contribute to prejudice?; (2) Do essentialist beliefs orient group-based prejudice toward out-groups or toward stigmatized groups, and what are the consequences of essentialist beliefs among those with minoritized identities?; (3) Do essentialist beliefs engender group-based prejudice directly, or must essentialist beliefs interact with additional information or belief systems to lead to negative consequences?; and (4) Do essentialist beliefs lay a foundation for group-based prejudice to develop, or is essentialism strategically invoked to justify existing prejudice? By posing these questions, describing what is currently known about each, and proposing future lines of inquiry that focus on the importance of including participants from a diverse set of backgrounds and across developmental periods, this review aims to stimulate research studies best designed to fill the gaps in our knowledge. By understanding how and when essentialism contributes to prejudice, we will be better equipped to use this early-emerging, but malleable, aspect of cognition to decrease prejudice and create a more equitable society.","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"59 1","pages":"195-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42368176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Why do children essentialize social groups? 为什么儿童是社会群体的本质?
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-05-21 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/h7cjv
G. Diesendruck
{"title":"Why do children essentialize social groups?","authors":"G. Diesendruck","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/h7cjv","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h7cjv","url":null,"abstract":"The tendency to essentialize social groups is universal, and arises early in development. This tendency is associated with negative intergroup attitudes and behaviors, and has thus encouraged the search for remedies for the emergence of essentialism. In this vein, great attention has been devoted to uncovering the cognitive foundations of essentialism. In this chapter, I suggest that attention should also be turned toward the motivational foundations of essentialism. I propose that considerations of power and group identity, but especially a \"need to belong,\" may encourage children's essentialization of social groups. Namely, from a young age, children are keen to feel members of a group, and that their membership is secure and exclusive. Essentialism is the conceptual gadget that satisfies these feelings. And to the extent that groups are defined by what they do, this motivated essentialism also impels children to be adamant about the maintenance of unique group behaviors.","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"59 1","pages":"31-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45663450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Kindhood and essentialism: Evidence from language. 亲和与本质论:来自语言的证据。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-03-31 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/vz6kn
K. Ritchie, J. Knobe
{"title":"Kindhood and essentialism: Evidence from language.","authors":"K. Ritchie, J. Knobe","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/vz6kn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vz6kn","url":null,"abstract":"A large body of existing research suggests that people think very differently about categories that are seen as kinds (e.g., women) and categories that are not seen as kinds (e.g., people hanging out in the park right now). Drawing on work in linguistics, we suggest that people represent these two sorts of categories using fundamentally different representational formats. Categories that are not seen as kinds are simply represented as collections of individuals. By contrast, when it comes to kinds, people have two distinct representations: a representation of a collection of individual people and a representation of the kind itself. The distinction between these two representational formats helps to shed light on otherwise puzzling findings about stereotyping and essentialism. Stereotyping appears to involve a representation of a collection of people, while essentialism involves a representation of a kind itself.","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"59 1","pages":"133-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49255839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Children's future-oriented cognition. 儿童面向未来的认知。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.008
Teresa McCormack, Christoph Hoerl
{"title":"Children's future-oriented cognition.","authors":"Teresa McCormack,&nbsp;Christoph Hoerl","doi":"10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children's future-oriented cognition has become a well-established area of research over the last decade. Future-oriented cognition encompasses a range of processes, including those involved in conceiving the future, imagining and preparing for future events, and making decisions that will affect how the future unfolds. We consider recent empirical advances in the study of such processes by outlining key findings that have yielded a clearer picture of how future thinking emerges and changes over childhood. Our interest in future thinking stems from a broader interest in temporal cognition, and we argue that a consideration of developmental changes in how children understand and represent time itself provides a valuable framework in which to study future-oriented cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"58 ","pages":"215-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37734781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
The development of essentialist, ethnic, and civic intuitions about national categories. 关于国家范畴的本质主义、民族主义和公民直觉的发展。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.004
Aidan Feeney, Jocelyn Dautel, Kieran Phillips, Jessica Leffers, John D Coley
{"title":"The development of essentialist, ethnic, and civic intuitions about national categories.","authors":"Aidan Feeney,&nbsp;Jocelyn Dautel,&nbsp;Kieran Phillips,&nbsp;Jessica Leffers,&nbsp;John D Coley","doi":"10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given current global migration patterns, understanding of children's intuitions about nationality and national categories is an important and emerging focus for developmental psychologists. We review theoretical and empirical work on three different types of intuition: (1) that nationality is primarily determined by ancestry (an ethnic intuition); (2) that nationality is determined by commitment to national institutions (a civic intuition); and (3) that membership in a national category is determined by possession of an invisible essence which explains the similarities between members of that category. We examine assumptions about the relations which hold between all three intuitions and derive a series of questions about how these intuitions develop, how they relate to each other, and how they might be affected by children's experience. We describe a study (N=196) suggesting that (1) most children, regardless of experience, possess elements of both ethnic and civic intuitions, and (2) essentialist intuitions about national categories decrease with age and are not associated with ethnic intuitions. We conclude by outlining the implications of these results and a number of important questions which they raise.</p>","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"59 ","pages":"95-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38067219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Preface. 前言。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2407(20)30044-6
{"title":"Preface.","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0065-2407(20)30044-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2407(20)30044-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"59 ","pages":"xi-xii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0065-2407(20)30044-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38067220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contextualizing the development of social essentialism. 社会本质论发展的语境化。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.003
Kristin Pauker, Christine Tai, Shahana Ansari
{"title":"Contextualizing the development of social essentialism.","authors":"Kristin Pauker,&nbsp;Christine Tai,&nbsp;Shahana Ansari","doi":"10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the critical role that psychological essentialism is theorized to play in the development of stereotyping and prejudice, researchers have increasingly examined the extent to which and when children essentialize different social categories. We review and integrate the types of contextual and cultural variation that have emerged in the literature on social essentialism. We review variability in the development of social essentialism depending on experimental tasks, participant social group membership, language use, psychological salience of category kinds, exposure to diversity, and cultural norms. We also discuss future directions for research that would help to identify the contexts in which social essentialism is less likely to develop in order to inform interventions that could reduce social essentialism and possible negative consequences for intergroup relations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"59 ","pages":"65-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38067218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Mother-child behavioral and physiological synchrony. 母子行为和生理的同步性。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.006
Martha Ann Bell
{"title":"Mother-child behavioral and physiological synchrony.","authors":"Martha Ann Bell","doi":"10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interactive, give and take \"dance\" that highlights the synchrony between parents and young infants during social interaction occurs at the behavioral as well as the physiological level. These dyadic processes seen across infancy and early childhood appear to contribute to children's development of self-regulation and general socio-emotional outcomes. The focus of this chapter is on dyadic synchrony, the temporal coordination of social behaviors and the associated physiology. Research on behavioral, brain, and cardiac synchrony is reviewed within a bio-behavioral synchrony model. Tutorials for analyzing these types of complex social interaction data are noted.</p>","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"58 ","pages":"163-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37734779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Beyond perceptual development: Infant responding to social categories. 超越知觉发展:婴儿对社会类别的反应。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.002
Paul C Quinn, Kang Lee, Olivier Pascalis
{"title":"Beyond perceptual development: Infant responding to social categories.","authors":"Paul C Quinn,&nbsp;Kang Lee,&nbsp;Olivier Pascalis","doi":"10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A body of research is reviewed that has investigated how infants respond to social category information in faces based on differential experience. Whereas some aspects of behavioral performance (visual preference, discrimination, and scanning) are consistent with traditional models of perceptual development (induction, maintenance, and attunement), other aspects (category formation, association with valence, and selective learning) suggest the need for an account that links perceptual with social-emotional processing. We also consider how responding to social categories in infancy may anticipate subsequent responding to these categories in childhood and adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"58 ","pages":"35-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37734782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Groups as moral boundaries: A developmental perspective. 群体作为道德界限:一个发展的视角。
2区 医学
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.003
Lisa Chalik, Marjorie Rhodes
{"title":"Groups as moral boundaries: A developmental perspective.","authors":"Lisa Chalik,&nbsp;Marjorie Rhodes","doi":"10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this chapter we present the perspective that social groups serve as moral boundaries. Social groups establish the bounds within which people hold moral obligations toward one another. The belief that people are morally obligated toward fellow social group members, but not toward members of other groups, is an early-emerging feature of human cognition, arising out of domain-general processes in conceptual development. We review evidence that supports this account from the adult and child moral cognition literature, and we describe the developmental processes by which people come to view social groups as shaping moral obligation. We conclude with suggestions about how this account can inform the study of social cognitive development more broadly, as well as how it can be used to promote positive moral socialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":47214,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","volume":"58 ","pages":"63-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37735710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
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