{"title":"The impact of cybersecurity risk management strategy disclosure on investors’ judgments and decisions","authors":"Jiehui (Annabella) Huang, Uday Murthy","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In March 2022, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) proposed the mandatory reporting of cybersecurity risk management policies for public companies. This study aims to explore the potential impact of cybersecurity risk management strategy disclosure on nonprofessional investors. Using a 4 x 1 between-participants experimental design, we examine whether nonprofessional investors’ perceptions and decisions differ between disclosed cybersecurity risk management strategies of self-assessment, self-assessment referencing the <span><span>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</span></span> framework, third-party assurance, and insurance. We find that nonprofessional investors’ willingness to invest is significantly higher for the insurance strategy compared to the third-party cybersecurity examination and self-assessment (without reference to NIST) strategies. Moderated mediation analysis reveals that investors’ perceptions of financial risk moderates the mediating effect of perceived cybersecurity risk management strategy effectiveness on the relation between cybersecurity risk management strategy and likelihood of investment. Our study contributes to regulators, practitioners, and stakeholders concerned about the potential impact of cybersecurity risk management strategy disclosures on nonprofessional investors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100696"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141915399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanchi Gu , Marco Schreyer , Kevin Moffitt , Miklos Vasarhelyi
{"title":"Artificial intelligence co-piloted auditing","authors":"Hanchi Gu , Marco Schreyer , Kevin Moffitt , Miklos Vasarhelyi","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper proposes the concept of artificial intelligence co-piloted auditing, emphasizing the collaborative potential of auditors and foundation models in the auditing domain. The paper discusses the future relationship and interactions of human auditors and AI, imagining an audit setup where auditors’ capabilities are enhanced through artificial intelligence across a variety of audit tasks. To exemplify the potential of this co-piloted audit paradigm, we illustrate a systematic fine-tuning approach to foundation models using Chain-of-Thought prompting. This study showcases how foundation models can work as collaborators flexibly with auditors, enabling the model to accurately identify transactions from instructions. This study provides a detailed description of the formulated prompt protocols and the corresponding responses generated by ChatGPT, ensuring reproducibility. We envision this work as an initial step towards the widespread implementation of co-piloted auditing, paving the way for more efficient, accurate, and insightful audit procedures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100698"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141623307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guangyue Zhang , Alexander Sannella , Gerard Brennan , Muhammad Talha Afzal
{"title":"Fair value estimates for illiquid cryptocurrency","authors":"Guangyue Zhang , Alexander Sannella , Gerard Brennan , Muhammad Talha Afzal","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the need for reporting and disclosure of cryptocurrency holdings in compliance with the FASB guidance for the use of fair value measurements for cryptocurrency (FASB, 2023), this paper develops a modeling process for reporting entities to measure the market value of cryptocurrencies with limited or no observable transactions. In this valuation model, we consider the last observable market information with time decay, its comparable assets market index, and dynamic real-time market participants’ sentiment and attention. Notably, the application of exogenous variables allows us to maximize the observable inputs in measuring fair value, such as asset classification based on economic traits and market participants’ attention and sentiment measurement with online media textual analytics. We propose a valuation framework and construct a prediction model that can achieve a prediction accuracy of 87 % on target asset resurging prices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100700"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467089524000332/pdfft?md5=fa4603da4cce065df67b40e125f5646e&pid=1-s2.0-S1467089524000332-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141607270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ju Myung Song , Tawei Wang , Ju-Chun Yen , Yu-Hung Chen
{"title":"Does cybersecurity maturity level assurance improve cybersecurity risk management in supply chains?","authors":"Ju Myung Song , Tawei Wang , Ju-Chun Yen , Yu-Hung Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study uses analytical models to investigate whether requiring cybersecurity assurance or a particular maturity level for vendors or contractors will help them improve their cybersecurity management. Our findings suggest that, if a supplier decides on its preferred cybersecurity maturity level without knowing what level a contract requires, the supplier is more likely to exert more effort to improve its cybersecurity management. We also show that a buyer can incentivize the supplier to engage in improving cybersecurity risk management by imposing a reduced contractual price or a fine when a breach occurs. Our findings reveal the role played by cybersecurity maturity level assurance and we discuss practical implications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100695"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141594534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Caluwe , Carla L. Wilkin , Steven De Haes , Tim Huygh
{"title":"Board roles required for IT governance to become an integral component of corporate governance","authors":"Laura Caluwe , Carla L. Wilkin , Steven De Haes , Tim Huygh","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Digitization is fundamentally changing how organizations create and deliver business value, with information technology (IT) leveraged to improve business processes and controls. Its pervasive effects upon organizations’ risk exposures and performance requires boards’ prudent and integrated consideration of the resultant IT opportunities and risk management. However, IT governance research suggests that boards’ governance of IT is more commonly delegated and relegated to management and committees than integrated as part of their corporate governance practices. In response, our study contributes timely and structured understanding of boards’ roles and the mechanisms required for IT governance to become an integrated component of corporate governance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100694"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467089524000277/pdfft?md5=a2c01a94c4ff885677195e00e597a103&pid=1-s2.0-S1467089524000277-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141556927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Gu , Steven Katz , Xinxin Wang , Miklos Vasarhelyi , Jun Dai
{"title":"Government ESG reporting in smart cities","authors":"Yu Gu , Steven Katz , Xinxin Wang , Miklos Vasarhelyi , Jun Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Governments shoulder the responsibility of pursuing a variety of sustainability objectives, the consequences of which may not be discernable in traditional reporting frameworks. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting would be a valuable addition to the existing financial, service, and infrastructure aspects of government reporting. While reportable data may be difficult to measure, smart city development strategies dovetail with technologies that facilitate sustainability reporting. Smart city strategies utilize technologies to support and inform municipal governance. This paper proposes a framework of government ESG reporting based on smart city initiatives, details potential steps in the process of government ESG reporting, discusses how smart cities could facilitate ESG reporting, and illustrates potential avenues of analysis using New York City vehicular mobility data as an example. This research sheds light on an under-examined topic, offers a perspective on adding ESG to government reporting, explores how sustainability data can inform government ESG reporting, and demonstrates the utility of smart city data for reporting, assurance, and monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100701"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141541224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheng-Feng Hsieh , Gerard Brennan , Alexander J. Sannella
{"title":"Empirical analysis of liquidity thresholds for crypto assets","authors":"Sheng-Feng Hsieh , Gerard Brennan , Alexander J. Sannella","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study applies the methodology of the SEC (2018) to empirically determine thresholds for liquidity of crypto assets, utilizing two metrics for assessing liquidity: the Average Daily Volume (ADV) calculated by the number of units of crypto assets traded (ADV#) and by the traded dollar amounts (ADV$). Our findings reveal that the liquidity distribution patterns for both actively and thinly traded National Market System (NMS) stocks, alongside crypto-USD pairs, exhibit comparable trends. Notably, the liquidity threshold distributions remain stable despite the inclusion of crypto assets with very low unit prices; however, the volume of units traded does affect the distribution when ADV$ is used. This research contributes to the accounting field by offering a new approach to determine liquidity benchmarks for crypto assets, potentially guiding the assessment of whether a crypto asset is traded in an active or inactive market for fair value accounting purposes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141541222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The marketing on Big 4 websites of Big Data Analytics in the external audit: Evidence and consequences","authors":"Michael Alles , Glen L. Gray","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leveraging ubiquitous digital data, advanced hardware, and sophisticated software, Big Data Analytics (BDA) enables unprecedented in-depth examination of business processes. This paper investigates how the Big 4 accounting firms promote their use of technology-enabled analytics in auditing practices on their official websites. We find that all the Big 4 market their audit analytics as offering operational insights that add value for clients. Historically, auditors have sought to share valuable perspectives gained during engagements beyond verifying that clients are in compliance with accounting principles. However, providing these value-adding insights is transitioning from a supplementary benefit to an essential selling point of audits. This behavior likely stems from BDA technology’s inherent duality–facilitating regulatory compliance and business intelligence. Incorporating artificial intelligence into audit firms’ technological arsenal will further enhance their ability to deliver client-valued insights. These developments necessitate further research into how the BDA application impacts auditor independence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100697"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141541223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How graphical vividness and interactivity in non-financial presentations influence nonprofessional investors","authors":"Yibo James Zhang , Uday Murthy","doi":"10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2024.100691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate how graphical vividness and interactivity in displays of non-financial information following poor financial performance affect the judgments of nonprofessional investors. Leveraging the Hamilton and Winchel (2019) model of dual-process theories of persuasion in financial reporting, we hypothesize and find that graphical vividness and interactivity jointly influence nonprofessional investors. Despite negative news in financial information, investors perceive a firm’s performance more positively when favorable non-financial information is presented more vividly and with a user interactivity function. Finally, contributing to theory, we find that effort positively mediates the effects of user interactivity on nonprofessional investors’ judgments and decisions. The results lend empirical support to the Hamilton and Winchel (2019) model of dual-process theories of persuasion in financial reporting and have implications for designers of investor relations websites, investor groups consuming this information, and regulators concerned about the need for standards in the presentation of non-financial information in annual reports.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47170,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100691"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141314930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}