Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology最新文献

{"title":"Morphometric data and the size factor: examining the problem using the pelvis.","authors":"Hillary DelPrete","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morphometric data is inherently linked to size; however, there is no consensus for how to account for this. Some researchers adjust for size, whereas others do not, which can affect the results of a study. This study examines this problem using sexual dimorphism of the pelvis. Twenty-two pelvic measures were collected from 119 individuals from the Hamann-Todd Collection. Measures included dimensions of the false pelvis and the pelvic canal. After all the data was collected, it was compiled into 3 data sets; the first set included unadjusted data, the second set was adjusted for body size, and the third set was adjusted for pelvic size. After all adjustments, independent sample t-tests were run on each data set, to determine which measures appeared dimorphic. In each case, the measures that appeared to be sexually dimorphic differed. According to the t-test for the unadjusted data, four of the 22 measures were not dimorphic: anterior spaces of the midplane and the outlet, sacral breadth, and length of the superior pubic ramus. Using the data adjusted for body size, all pelvic measures were dimorphic. Lastly, using the data adjusted for pelvic size, five measures were not dimorphic: anterior space and transverse diameter of the inlet, inter-acetabular distance, length of the superior pubic ramus, and circumference of the inlet. These conflicting results demonstrate the intricate nature of correcting for size and the challenge comparing results across studies. Overall pelvic-size dimorphism and body-size dimorphism must be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 4","pages":"317-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39912803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body fat percentage estimation in children - searching for the most accurate equation.","authors":"Łukasz Kryst,&nbsp;Magdalena Żegleń,&nbsp;Małgorzata Kowal,&nbsp;Agnieszka Woronkowicz","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and aims:</i> Analysis of body composition is a very important issue, and it is often used as one of the crucial markers of overall health. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between the percentage of body fat ratio estimated using selected equations and adiposity obtained by bioimpedance in 7-16-year-olds from Kraków (Poland). <i>Methods and results:</i> The study included 1887 children and adolescents. Body weight and height were measured according to standard methods and Body Mass Index was calculated on the basis of those measurements. Biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal and calf skinfolds were measured. Adiposity was obtained using the BIA method as well as estimated by Siri, Goran, Slaughter, Deurenberg, Huang, Dezenberg, Ripka and Brożek equations. Relationship between results obtained from the equations and bioimpedance was assessed using Deming regression. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel and MedCalc. Statistically significant (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001) relationship between adiposity obtained by bioimpedance and estimated was observed for all of the analysed equations. For girls, the strongest one was noted for Siri equation, with R = 0.83 (95%CI: 0.81-0.85). Among boys, the strongest relationship was observed for 3-skinfolds based equation developed by Ripka, with the Pearson's correlation coefficient value of 0.84 (95%CI: 0.81-0.85). <i>Conclusions:</i> The most useful equation to estimate the body fat percentage in the population of 7-16-year olds from Kraków (Poland) differed between the sexes. For boys, it was Ripka 3-skinfold equation, while for girls it was the equation developed by Siri.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 3","pages":"205-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39097128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric analysis of the sella turcica in subjects with different vertical growth patterns - a cephalometric study.","authors":"Tatjana Perović,&nbsp;Zorica Blažej,&nbsp;Ivan Jovanović,&nbsp;Marija Cvetković","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study is the comparison of the size and shape of the sella turcica in subjects with different vertical patterns in the skeletal class I in adults, as well as to determine sex differences within examined groups. Lateral cephalograms were used to examine parametars: shape of sella, angulation, length, diameter, index of the depth and cross-sectional area of the sella turcica in 155 adult Caucasian subjects (79 male and 76 female) from the central Balkan area. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the ANB angle, Wit's appraisal and SN/GoGn angle into normodivergent (angle value between 26° and 38° in 28 male, 27 female subjects), hypodivergent (angle value less than 26° in 26 male, 25 female subjects) and hyperdivergent (angle value higher than 38° in 25 male, 24 female subjects). A normal shape of the sella was established in 40% of the overall number of subjects. Significant sex differences were found for angulation angle and sella depth index (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Significant differences between groups were found only for sella depth (<i>p</i> < 0.02). The area of sella turcica appears to be saved from significant changes in morphology, as well as in measurable dimensions and the obtained results justify the use of sella turcica as an important landmark in different cephalometric analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 3","pages":"215-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39182295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of orthopedic pathological conditions and systemic diseases on the prevalence of hip osteoarthritis in Modern African- and European-Americans.","authors":"Aubrie Sanchez,&nbsp;Sean D Tallman,&nbsp;Allysha P Winburn,&nbsp;Joshua Stefanik","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability among aging adults. In the U.S., many individuals living with total hip replacements attribute OA as the cause. However, the majority of anthropological OA research excludes pathological individuals (i.e., individuals with systemic disease, traumatic injuries, or orthopedic devices). Thus, little is known about how implants and pathological conditions impact OA beyond a general acceptance that they likely increase OA risk. This study adds to the skeletal research surrounding OA by directly investigating its relationship with age, disease, and implants. The proximal femora of 186 African- and European-American individuals (21-95 years old) from the Edmonds Orthopedic Pathology Collection (National Museum of Health and Medicine; Armed Forces Institute of Pathology) were analyzed. The individuals were grouped into three cohorts: disease; non-disease; and previous injury/implant. Jurmain's (1990) ordinal scoring method was used to categorize OA changes as: none/slight; moderate; severe; and ankylosis. Intra-rater reliability for the scoring of OA was perfect, while inter-rater reliability was moderate. Results from Chi-square tests, exploratory data analysis, and ordinal logistic regression showed that there was a statistically significant relationship (<i>p</i> < 0.001) between degree of OA, age, recorded disease (e.g., cancer), and evidence of previous injury (i.e., healed fractures, fracture fixation devices). In contrast with the expectation that different populations exhibit different patterns of OA, no significant sex or ancestry effects were observed. These results help researchers better understand the etiology and contemporary risk factors of OA as well as identifying an additional subset of the population who may be at greater risk for developing OA - i.e., individuals with fractures, implants, and systemic disease, especially those in older age cohorts (60+ years).</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 3","pages":"183-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39097127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postnatal changes of the human bony labyrinth morphology.","authors":"Joanna Helena Bonczarowska,&nbsp;Konstantinos Spanakis,&nbsp;Elena F Kranioti","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has been suggested that the inner ear attains its final morphology already in utero and that environmental factors do not influence its size or shape after birth. Thus, direct comparison between the adult and the subadult bony labyrinths can be made. Herein, this hypothesis was tested in a sample of 170 subadult individuals. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the labyrinths were created for 170 French and Greek juveniles. Ten linear measurements of the 3D models were taken and the labyrinthine shape was evaluated by calculating 10 shape indices. All variables were subsequently analyzed in the context of postnatal development. Significant positive correlation between the chronological age and several variables was noted suggesting that age-related changes of the bony labyrinth occur in the postnatal period. Our findings contradict the simplified assumption that the bony labyrinth retains a stable morphology after birth. Further research should concentrate on evaluating postnatal changes to the temporal bone and their influence on the labyrinthine morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 3","pages":"229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39182240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between the position of the spine in the sagittal plane and longitudinal arching of the feet in school-age girls and boys - cross-sectional study.","authors":"Agnieszka Jankowicz-Szymańska,&nbsp;Marta Bibro,&nbsp;Katarzyna Wódka,&nbsp;Eliza Smoła,&nbsp;Edyta Mikołajczyk","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction:</i> Discoveries concerning the role of connective tissue and myofascial chains require a change in thinking about the functioning of the human body and verification of the approach to correcting posture defects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the shape of the spine in the sagittal plane and longitudinal arching of the feet. <i>Material and methods:</i> 271 girls and 241 boys aged 10-12 years were examined. Height and body weight were measured. The BMI was calculated and the status of body weight was estimated. The depth of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis as well as the sagittal trunk inclination were assessed using the Zebris Pointer ultrasound system. Arching of the feet was determined on the basis of the Arch Index on BTS P-walk platform. Statistica v13 software was used to analyse the data. <i>Results:</i> Both sexes showed a tendency to have deeper thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. About 15% of the participants had flatfeet. Hollow and correct arching of the feet was observed with a similar frequency (38-43%). Hollow feet arching was accompanied by shallower lumbar lordosis and a shift of the body's general centre of gravity backwards. The participants with flat foot arching tend to have deeper lumbar lordosis. A greater depth of physiological curvatures of the spine and lower longitudinal arching of the feet were observed in boys. BMI was positively correlated with decreased arching of the feet and deepened lumbar lordosis. <i>Conclusions:</i> Longitudinal arching of the feet significantly correlates with the depth of lumbar lordosis and trunk balance.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 3","pages":"173-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39073413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VDR polymorphisms effect on bone mineral density in Polish postmenopausal women.","authors":"Anna Elżbieta Spinek,&nbsp;Ireneusz Majsterek,&nbsp;Anna Walczak,&nbsp;Iwona Rosset,&nbsp;Ewa Sewerynek,&nbsp;Elżbieta Żądzińska","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose:</i> Osteoporosis is the most widespread systemic disease of the skeleton. According to estimated data for Poland, it affects ca. 3 million people. Although the disease is multifactorial, with significant influence of environmental factors on the increase of the risk of its occurrence, genetic factors play an important role in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was an analysis of the relation of the <i>ApaI</i>, <i>BsmI</i> and <i>TaqI</i> polymorphisms of the VDR gene, with bone mineral density measured in lumbar spine and/or in proximal femur in a group of polish women. <i>Methods:</i> The study included 135 women at the postmenopausal age from the area of central Poland. BMD was measured at the hip and/or at the lumbar spine, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The influence of the selected VDR genotypes on bone mineral density was studied using the ApaI, the BsmI and the TaqI restriction enzymes. Lifestyle information was obtained via questionnaire. <i>Results:</i> Women with the 'bb' genotype showed lower BMD values of the hip (Total BMD value) comparing to patients with 'BB' or 'Bb' genotypes. We did not observe similar correlation for the lumbar spine. The remaining polymorphisms (ApaI and TaqI) did not demonstrate a significant relation with the differentiation of the mean BMD values obtained from the hip nor from lumbar vertebrae. <i>Conclusion:</i> The present study has demonstrated that the <i>BsmI</i> polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene is a factor of bone mineral density changes in postmenopausal women from Poland.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 3","pages":"239-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39211501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UCT Human Skeletal Repository: Its stewardship, history, composition and educational use.","authors":"Victoria E Gibbon,&nbsp;Alan G Morris","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The University of Cape Town (UCT) Human Skeletal Repository began in 1913 and its composition a century later reflects the history of biological anthropology at the University, in South Africa and internationally. It consists of 1059 skeletons from archaeological (472; 44%), cadaveric (372; 36%) and forensic contexts (160; 14%). They are used for educational and research purposes to provide engaged scholarship and experiential learning for undergraduate and postgraduate students from a variety of disciplines including health professionals. The cadaveric remains help build population specific standards, forensic cases assist to address social and criminal justice, and the archaeological discoveries to preserve African culture and heritage. Overall, the repository provides a distinct contribution to knowledge locally and globally. The new management approach of the repository is presented. Ethical considerations and management policies are discussed. Stewardship of these individuals is facing several challenges and there are areas that continue to require attention. UCT is committed to address past unethical procurement of remains through engaging with the relevant interested and affected parties in restitution and repatriation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 2","pages":"139-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25563201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mandibular third molar maturation stage as indicator for the legal adult age in an Egyptian sample.","authors":"Fatma Mohamed Hassan,&nbsp;Asmaa Mohammad Moawad,&nbsp;Walaa Samir,&nbsp;Yara Rabia Helaly,&nbsp;Noha Saleh Abu-Taleb","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determination of the age of majority is of critical importance in forensic and legal practice. This study aimed to assess the mandibular third molar maturation stage in discriminating adults and minors in an Egyptian population sample using two methods: Cameriere's third molar maturity index (I_3M) and Demirjian's stage of maturation; further, the I_3M cut-off value of < 0.08 for age 18 years and older was tested. The study included 350 digital panoramic radiographs of 14-24 years old participants. The effectiveness of I_3M < 0.08 and Demirjian's stages were assessed using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, post-test probability, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to detect the overall effectiveness of I_3M and Demirjian's stages to determine adults. I_3M < 0.08 showed accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, post-test probability, positive and negative likelihood ratios of 88.65%, 91.74%, 83.67%, 90.6%, 5.62 and 0.10 respectively in males, and 82.76%, 80.16%, 87.04%, 91.03%, 6.18 and 0.23 in females. Stage H showed the best specificity and post-test probability within Demirjian stages; 91.84% and 94.06% in males and 90.74% and 91.84% in females. Both I_3M and Demirjian's stage H of the mandibular third molar were useful indicators for discriminating between Egyptian adults and minors. The cut-off value of I_3M < 0.0625 in males and I_3M < 0.104 in females showed a better discrimination performance than I_3M < 0.08 among Egyptians.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 2","pages":"87-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25432331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in mastoid process volumes measured from 3D models of dry crania from mediaeval Croatia.","authors":"Anja Petaros,&nbsp;Sabrina B Sholts,&nbsp;Mislav Čavka,&nbsp;Mario Šlaus,&nbsp;Sebastian K T S Wärmländer","doi":"10.1127/homo/2021/1243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2021/1243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>3D analysis of skeletal volumes has become an important field in digital anthropology studies. The volume of the mastoid process has been proposed to display significant sexual dimorphism, but it has a complex shape and to date no study has quantified the full mastoid volume for sex estimation purposes. In this study we compared three different ways to isolate the volume of the mastoid process from digital 3D models of dry crania, and then evaluated the performance of the three different volume definitions for sex estimation purposes. A total of 170 crania (86 male, 84 females) excavated from five medieval Croatian sites were CT-scanned and used to produce 3D stereolitographic models. The three different isolation techniques were based on various anatomical landmarks and planes, as well as the anatomy of the mastoid process itself. Measurements of the three different mastoid volumes yielded different accuracies and precisions. Interestingly, anatomical structures were sometimes more useful than classical landmarks as demarcators of mastoid volume. For all three volume definitions, male mastoid volumes were significantly larger than female volumes, in both relative and absolute numbers. Sex estimation based on mastoid volume showed a slightly higher precision and better accuracy (71% correct classifications) than visual scoring techniques (67%) and linear distance measurements (69%) of the mastoid process. Sex estimation based on cranial size performed even better (78%), and multifactorial analysis (cranium size + mastoid volume) reached up to 81% accuracy. These results show that measurements of the mastoid volume represent a promising metric to be used in multifactorial approaches for sex estimation of human remains.</p>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"72 2","pages":"113-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25586223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}