Journal of Park and Recreation Administration最新文献

{"title":"Implementing Technology-Based Visitor Counts in Parks: A Methodological Overview","authors":"J. Read, Margaret Daniels, Laurlyn K. Harmon","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10502","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, documenting visitor counts in park, recreation, and tourism spaces has been fraught with challenges that often result in data with questionable reliability and validity. However, these counts are necessary for managers in that they inform budgets, staffing, and policy. The purpose of this methodological study is to detail the processes involved in implementing technology-based counting systems within parks with the goal of assisting managers who wish to modernize visitor counting procedures. The first step involves a detailed site analysis, with considerations specific to park boundaries, access to power sources, the availability of WiFi, and whether lighting is needed for the technology to function. Once the site analysis is completed, the technology options can be considered, with the understanding that the accuracy of the counts will be impacted by visitor flow, focal area of interest, the number of counters utilized, whether visitors must be carrying WiFi-enabled devices to be counted, data transmission options, and access to dynamic features such as those that eliminate double counts. A case study approach was used to demonstrate implementation procedures, focusing on site and technology selection, then moving on to installation considerations, data collection, validation, data analysis, and management implications. The Korean War Veterans Memorial (KOWA), a National Park Service holding located within the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, DC, was selected as an optimal site based on semi-porous boundaries, consistent visitor flows, and ready access to power sources. After consideration of price, privacy, ease of installation, and ready access to data, 3D people counters were the chosen technology. The counters were installed in weatherproofed housings and mounted on lampposts that were situated at the two main entrance sites to the memorial. Analysis of twelve weeks of data indicated that the counting accuracy of the 3D counters was high, minimal modifications were needed, and visitor privacy was retained. A similar methodological approach can be applied by park managers within a wide variety of settings.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67737854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Park Plans and Policies across U.S. Municipalities","authors":"E. Peterson, S. Carlson, Emily N. Ussery, I. Dunn, David R. Brown, D. Galuska","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-9323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-9323","url":null,"abstract":"Park planning documents may be valuable tools in order to promote policies and direct resources toward parks. However, the prevalence of such planning documents and policies specific to parks across municipal characteristics is not well known. This study compares the presence of parks and recreation plans and policies that address park safety and maintenance by municipality characteristics. Nationally representative data from the 2014 National Survey of Community-Based Policy and Environmental Supports for Healthy Eating and Active Living were analyzed ( n =2005, response rate: 45%). About 7 out of 10 U.S. municipalities with a population of at least 1,000 reported having a parks and recreation plan. Prevalence of specific park or outdoor recreation policies was 78% for lighting, 85% for patrols by police and security, and 87% for maintenance of green space and equipment. The prevalence of a parks and recreation plan and of specific park or outdoor recreation policies were significantly lower in the smaller communities examined in this study. Most communities with at least 1,000 residents have park planning documents and policies, and opportunities may exist for practitioners to leverage the planning process to better engage residents. Future studies could investigate the role and importance of using planning documents, policies, or budget provisions to address park access and quality in less populous municipalities. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67738029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Recreation in New York's Adirondack Park: A Case Study of Public Perceptions and Preferences for Reducing User Impacts to the High Peaks Wilderness Complex","authors":"A. Schneller, G. Binzen, Colin D. Cameron, Samuel Taggart Vogel, Isaac Bardin","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10523","url":null,"abstract":"This qualitative case study research investigated public perceptions and preferences regarding management options for addressing recreational impacts to the High Peaks Wilderness Complex (HPWC) in New York State’s six-million-acre Adirondack Park. The Park is the largest in the contiguous United States, attracting local and international visitors from Philadelphia, Montreal, Boston, and New York City, major cities within 350 miles of the HPWC. The Park saw 12.4 million visitors in 2018, resulting in crowding, trail erosion, clandestine trails/campsites, water pollution, and plant/wildlife impacts. Data was gathered from 1,200 individuals via an online questionnaire, semi-structured interviews with NGOs, community influentials, and agency representatives, and participant observation. Findings showed the public strongly supported passive management options such as increased funding for education, trail reconstruction, enhanced management of the HPWC, and the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) promotion of alternatives to the most popular wilderness trails during busy months. The public was split in their support of direct management techniques such as temporary trail closures, limiting the number of hikers, and mandatory permits for hikers/parking. NGOs expressed a diversity of preferences for direct wilderness management, but widely supported enhanced education, trail improvements, and funding increases for management and the hiring of more rangers.  The results of this research provide insights for improving management practices that facilitate sustainable recreation while also protecting and restoring federal and state designated wilderness. This manuscript culminates in a suite of management implications based on our research findings, including filling all vacancies within the Adirondack Park Agency Board with professionally and culturally diverse individuals, including women, Tribal representatives, minority communities, environmental attorneys, natural scientists, and regional planners. Funding should be allocated for the hiring of additional rangers, Summit Stewards, and trail crews, for enhanced trail maintenance and hiker education efforts. We also recommend implementing the Wildland Monitoring Program in order to better understand trail carrying capacity and ecological limits. Limiting the number of hikers/vehicles through a permit system is but one solution if efforts to heighten ranger presence, education, and improve trails all fail to address resource degradation. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67737940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Incentives on Survey Response Rates in Two Rural Counties","authors":"John Strauser, W. Stewart, Lorraine Foelske, Nathan J. Shipley, Nicole M. Evans, Jaime J. Coon, Carena J. Riper","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10486","url":null,"abstract":"Surveys of a general population have been a mainstay of leisure and recreation research methods. This study assesses the impact of two different pre-incentives on eliciting a survey response. Two counties with large federal prairie restoration projects and active municipal and county park districts were the study sites. Results show that residents whose pre-incentive was two $1 bills had a significantly higher response rate than residents with a pre-incentive of one $2 bill. With park operations being responsive to needs and preferences of residents, the most accurate representation of the general population of constituents is an important goal in any research effort. Given that pre-incentives have become a standard and sizeable portion of a survey’s budget, maximizing the effectiveness of the pre-incentive investment is a small, yet critical, part of connecting research to practice. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67737763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residents’ Attitudes Toward Tourism Development in a Rural Community: A Qualitative Approach","authors":"A. Bender, D. Kerstetter","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10046","url":null,"abstract":"In North America, many rural communities with rich amenities have experienced increased population, often referred to as “amenity migration.” This type of change theoretically impacts residents’ attitudes toward tourism development but has not been studied in this community context. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use the interaction approach to uncover residents’ attitudes toward tourism development in one rural community experiencing amenity migration. The interaction approach has been commonly used to address residents’ response to “…place relevant matters” (Bridger et al., 2010, p. 2). However, it has rarely been used to address tourism development in rural communities within North America, and never with residents experiencing amenity migration as well as ongoing tourism development. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 residents of three communities in Tucker County, West Virginia. Participant observation and secondary data collection were also employed. Results indicated residents had positive (i.e., an increase in economic development, more recreation opportunities, and positive social interactions); negative (i.e., exploitation and type of job growth, and housing issues); and ambivalent attitudes toward tourism development in Tucker County. Residents’ ambivalence focused on the future of tourism development and what impacts it will have on their communities. The impacts they addressed ranged from increased prices for housing, to changes in community dynamics, to protection of the culture and character of the County. The results associated with positive and negative attitudes toward tourism development were generally in line with the literature. The introduction of ambivalent attitudes, however, was unexpected and a contribution to the literature. Further, most residents recognized amenity migration as having a positive effect on the area; this may change as tourism development and the influx of new residents continues. Using an interactional approach to uncover residents’ attitudes toward tourism development proved successful as residents’ ambivalence, focus on the need for collaboration and controlled growth in the future, and more would not have been uncovered using traditional quantitative measures. Scholars should continue to use this approach to study residents’ attitudes toward tourism development and use their results to inform community officials, lawmakers, and advocacy groups who are advocating for sustainable tourism development in rural communities throughout North America. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45392510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managers’ Perceptions of Crowding and Noise in New York State Parks","authors":"Aaron Krinsky, D. Kuehn","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2019-10080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2019-10080","url":null,"abstract":"As visitation to New York State Parks continues to rise, it is important to evaluate potential crowding impacts on visitor experiences and the natural resources. This study examines park managers’ perceptions of crowding in New York State Parks. Using a semi-structured interview format, 20 managers were interviewed by telephone to identify their definition of crowding, the potential impacts that exist in their parks, the strategies currently in place to address potential impacts, and their perceptions of the effectiveness of these strategies. Most managers expressed concern about visitor accommodation, park facilities, and staffing resources. Additionally, impacts on the natural resources and visitor experiences were identified in several parks. The impacts identified were seemingly exacerbated by current state park agency staffing and budgetary trends, requiring managers to adapt and develop their own strategies to best combat some of the issues identified. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46528021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary Adaptations of Excess Condemnation and Benefit Districts: The Primary Vehicles for Financing Nineteenth Century Urban Parks in the United States","authors":"J. Crompton","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10129","url":null,"abstract":"Large public parks in the United States emerged in the 1850s and 1860s with the development of Central Park in New York City and Prospect Park in Brooklyn. Their development was predicated on the conviction that they would be self-financing and not be a drain on the public purse. To meet this criterion, the financing plans for both of them embraced the concepts of excess condemnation and benefit assessments. Because these two parks were the high-profile landmark bellwethers that inspired and informed widespread adoption of public parks by cities throughout the U.S., the two financing vehicles were widely emulated. The use of excess condemnation essentially ceased early in the 20th Century when the courts ruled that eminent domain was an abrogation of private property rights and unconstitutional when it was used to take land from an unwilling seller and subsequently re-sell parts of it to private interests for a profit. Nevertheless, in contemporary times its core principle has re-emerged in three different forms: the property lease model, which links a park with income-producing property that provides initial capital and/or dedicated ongoing resources to maintain and operate the park; reimbursement clauses in parkland dedication ordinances, which enable parkland to be acquired and developed ahead of development by using certificates of obligation or general obligation bonds for which a city will subsequently be reimbursed from the fees received from future fees; and tax increment funding, by which proximate property owners ostensibly pay for redevelopment costs rather than general taxpayers. Instead of funding parks with taxes collected citywide, benefit districts were used to levy assessments on properties within the use radius of a park. The tax was apportioned according to a formula reflecting the proportion of benefits accruing to each property owner. In contemporary times, local governments may similarly facilitate a majority of property owners agreeing to assess themselves an additional property or sales tax to pay for a higher level of service. Alternatively, businesses may do this by establishing a Business Improvement District, whereby businesses levy an assessment on themselves to develop or upgrade a park. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42398715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring and Predicting Erosion on Sandy Roads to Inform Strategies for Sustainable Transport Network Management: A Case Study of the Great Sandy National Park, Australia","authors":"Ross Waldron, A. McCallum","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10611","url":null,"abstract":"Different surveying methods were used to assess and illustrate road profile changes and sediment displacement over a six-month period at four sites on a sand road at Cooloola, Queensland, Australia. Total monthly traffic and total monthly rainfall (two-way ANOVA without replication, p < 0.05) had an effect on the mean centre dumpy level depths and sediment displacement at one site (correlation 0.81 for total monthly traffic/mean centre dumpy level depths), but not at the other three sites. Traditional road-surface field measurements showed large changes in volume and weight of sediment movement and Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) modelling predicted an annual sediment yield (i.e., sand displacement from road) of 115.37 kg with a total sediment loss of 7,551.36 kg for each 120 m by 6 m site over the next 80 years. The methodology used can be applied to other national parks and protected areas and for the effective and sustainable management of sand road networks.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46777656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is a Decline in Parks Provision Inevitable in Fast-Growth Cities? Evidence from Texas","authors":"J. Crompton, G. Ellis","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10618","url":null,"abstract":"The study explored whether fast-growth cities in Texas were able to retain their existing level of park supply over a 12-year period between 2008 and 2020. Directors of 50 Texas cities were surveyed in each of those years. Analyses showed the ratio of parks per thousand people was significantly lower in 2020 than in 2008. Correlation results suggested the higher the rate of growth, the more challenging it is for cities to retain their existing levels of service. The negative impact of growth was significantly mitigated in cities that had a parkland dedication ordinance. The results suggest there is a significant probability there will be a decline in parks provision in fast-growth cities, but the finding that there was no decline in 30% of cities in this sample offers a source of encouragement.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46025799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Parks and Sno-Parks Help Diverse Populations in California’s Central Valley Negotiate Constraints to Winter Recreation","authors":"Jason W. Whiting, Lincoln R. Larson, Christopher J Greenwood, S. Lankford","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2020-10161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2020-10161","url":null,"abstract":"As current racial and ethnic minority groups make up increasingly larger percentages of the U.S. population, recreation managers seek to understand their recreational needs and preferences. One area has received little attention: the winter recreation participation of non-White individuals (especially Latinxs). In this study, we sought to (1) examine demographic differences in constraints to visiting a conventional winter recreation destination, China Peak Mountain Resort (CPMR); and (2) explore winter recreation site use among demographically diverse populations in various types of public parks around CPMR in Fresno County, CA, including sno-parks (sites that provide snow-cleared parking lots with sanitation facilities and access to snow play areas, cross-country ski and snowmobile trails). Data were gathered “onsite” (n=491) at sno-parks along Highway 168 and “offsite” (n=1318) in communities across the Central Valley. Data from the two sites revealed significant differences in winter recreation constraints and site use patterns among different racial/ethnic and income groups. Racial and ethnic minorities and respondents with lower household income reported high levels of constraints to participation in winter recreation at CPMR. Overall, structural constraints were the most prominent barriers affecting visitation to CPMR. Our findings showed that all respondents were more likely to visit public lands (e.g., sno-parks) for winter recreation than CPMR. Public parks and sno-parks may provide particularly unique and valuable opportunities for Latinx residents and individuals from low-income groups who are historically underrepresented with respect to winter recreation in California’s Central Valley. Overall, our results yield two key conclusions regarding winter recreation: (1) commercial resort managers (e.g., CPMR) should seek ways to minimize existing structural and cultural barriers to visitation, thereby attracting a more diverse clientele; and (2) providers should consider public lands such as sno-parks as key alternatives for diverse residents seeking winter recreation experiences—especially non-White and lowincome populations who rarely visit private mountain resorts.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47180279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}