Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"THE CONCEPT AND IMPORTANCE OF LIBERALIZATION OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY","authors":"Razzoq Altiyev","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.4./fgqu5933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.4./fgqu5933","url":null,"abstract":"Within the framework of this article, the author analyzed the content of judicial reforms carried out in the years of independence in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, emphasizing the importance of decriminalization in the policy of liberalization of the state. The author also conducted a broad theoretical analysis of the criminal law analysis of decriminalization and its types. The article mainly analyzes statistical data on stimulating institutions included in criminal legislation, in particular, the institute of reconciliation and its implementation.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83384614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRIMINAL ISSUES OF CRIMES AGAINST MORALITY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES","authors":"M. Tosheva","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.4./vrif5814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.4./vrif5814","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with crimes against public morality in foreign legislation. Particular attention is paid to crimes related to prostitution, trafficking in pornographic products, destruction and damage to historical and cultural monuments as well as desecration of burial sites.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82027918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPROVEMENT OF CRIMINAL LEGAL REGULATIONS ON CIRCUMSTANCES OF MITIGATION OF PUNISHMENT","authors":"Ikram Muslimov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.4./nsyr9813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.4./nsyr9813","url":null,"abstract":"Logical, systematic, and comparative legal methods of research were used in this article. In particular, first of all, the development of legal norms related to mitigating circumstances was described, as well as the scientific views and research of scientists about it, and the similarities and differences between them were described in detail. At the same time, a comparative analysis was made with the types of mitigating circumstances; their problematic aspects were identified and described sequentially. Also, it was reasonably analyzed that in the first part of Article 55 of the Criminal Code, in addition to mitigating future punishment, special mitigating circumstances allow exemption from criminal liability by applying one of the provisions of Articles 64–67 of the Criminal Code. At the same time, the doctrine of criminal law and existing scientific research were analyzed, and reasonable theoretical proposals and recommendations were developed in this regard.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76074447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sizing up Crime and Weather Relationships in a Small Northern City","authors":"Ysabel A. Castle, J. Kovacs","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Small study areas are vastly underrepresented in the criminological literature, including the literature on the relationship between crime and weather. North Bay, ON (population 50,000) provides a useful study area in which to begin to address this lack. Using five years of police call for service data (2015–2019), negative binomial regression models were used to assess the relationships between weather variables and assaults, break and enters, domestic disputes, and thefts. For each crime type, the resulting models were compared based on their Aikake information criteria (AICs) to determine which performed the best. Significant relationships were found to differ between crime types. Temperature played a significant role in determining the temporal distribution of thefts, while for break and enters a model without weather variables performed best, even though both are property crimes. Similarly, for violent crimes, assaults were found to be positively correlated to temperature, while domestic disputes depended mainly on day of the week.Résumé:Les petites régions sont largement sous-représentées dans les publications en criminologie, y compris celles portant sur la relation entre le crime et la météo. North Bay, en Ontario (population de 50 000 habitants) constitue une région d'étude utile pour commencer à corriger cette lacune. Au moyen des données sur les appels aux services de police répertoriés sur cinq ans (de 2015 à 2019), les chercheurs ont utilisé des modèles de régression binomiale négative pour évaluer les relations entre les variables météorologiques et les agressions, les cambriolages, les disputes conjugales et les vols. Ils ont comparé les modèles qui découlent de chaque type de crime d'après les critères d'information d'Aikake (CIA) afin de déterminer celui qui fonctionne le mieux. Ils ont constaté que les relations significatives diféraient selon les types de crime. Ainsi, la météo jouait un rôle important pour déterminer la répartition temporelle des vols, tandis que lors des cambriolages, un modèle sans variables météorologiques fonctionnait mieux, même si dans les deux cas, il s'agit de crimes contre la propriété. De même, en cas de crimes violents, ils ont constaté que les agressions présentaient une corrélation positive avec la météo, tandis que les disputes conjugales dépendaient surtout de la journée de la semaine.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"65 1","pages":"60 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45779922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Years In: A Consideration of the Impacts of Canada's Legalization of Cannabis on Law Enforcement","authors":"Neil Boyd, Andrew A. Reid","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In October 2018, Canada legalized recreational cannabis. Key goals of legalization included reducing access by minors and eliminating the illicit market. Now, three years into the legal regime, important public policy questions are beginning to emerge. With police being tasked to enforce the Cannabis Act and associated provincial/territorial legislation, there is a critical need to understand their experiences, including the successes they have had, challenges they have experienced, and issues that remain unresolved. This paper begins to address these issues by presenting results from a qualitative study involving law enforcement personnel who, through their primary roles and responsibilities, have been actively involved in overseeing cannabis enforcement (in supervisory roles) since legalization in October 2018. Tree key findings emerged from the analyses, and all were tied to the overarching perception that the illicit cannabis market has persisted since legalization: 1) there is a small but significant pattern of abuse of the medical system of production and distribution, specifically tied to designated grower provisions; 2) there are many challenges associated with halting online sales of illicit cannabis; and 3) the issue of unregulated sales of cannabis from Indigenous reserves remains a \"hot button\" political issue, in need of resolution.Résumé:En octobre 2018, le Canada légalisait l'usage récréatif du cannabis. Parmi les principaux objectifs de la légalisation figuraient la restriction de l'accès des mineurs à la drogue et l'élimination du marché illicite. Aujourd'hui, trois ans après l'instauration de ce régime juridique, des questions importantes relatives aux politiques publiques commencent à émerger. Puisque ce sont les forces policières qui sont chargées d'appliquer la Loi sur le cannabis et les lois provinciales et territoriales connexes, il est essentiel de comprendre leurs expériences, y compris les réussites, les difficultés et les problèmes non résolus. Nous présentons ici les résultats d'une étude qualitative sur le personnel des forces policières qui, du fait de ses principaux rôles et de ses principales responsabilités, participe activement à l'application de la loi sur le cannabis (dans des rôles de supervision) depuis la légalisation, en octobre 2018. Trois conclusions clés ressortent des analyses, et toutes sont liées à la perception générale que le marché illicite du cannabis persiste malgré la légalisation : 1) une tendance faible, mais significative, à l'usage inapproprié du réseau médical de production et de distribution ; cette tendance est spécifquement liée aux dispositions relatives aux producteurs désignés ; 2) l'élimination des ventes en ligne de cannabis illicite se heurte à de nombreuses difficultés ; et 3) la question des ventes non règlementées du cannabis provenant des réserves autochtones demeure brulante, politiquement, et doit être résolue.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"65 1","pages":"37 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47675776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Generations, Two Solitudes, and One Big Drop","authors":"P. Lussier","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:A research project aiming to measure, describe, and monitor sex offender recidivism (SOR) rates across two waves of sex offender laws is briefly described and contextualized. A methodology was designed to examine the evolution of sexual recidivism rates since the 1940s. The findings of the study showed that, in Canada, sexual recidivism rates have dropped almost 70%. This historic recidivism drop appeared to have started during the 1970s, several decades before the enactment of the national non-public sex offender registration law. While the factors responsible for the sexual recidivism drop remain unclear, it is hypothesized that improved training, evidence-based practices, and university-corrections collaborations might have played a key role. The study points toward the importance of examining period effects on risk, risk management, and sexual offending.Résumé:Un projet de recherche visant recherche visant à mesurer et décrire l'évolution des taux de récidive taux de récidive chez les délinquants sexuels dans le cadre de deux vagues de lois sur les délinquants sexuels est brièvement présenté. Une méthodologie a été développée pour examiner l'évolution des taux de récidive sexuelle depuis les années 1940 jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Les résultats de l'étude indiquent qu'au Canada, les taux de récidive sexuelle ont chuté de près de 70 %. Cette baisse historique de la récidive sexuelle semble avoir commencé dans les années 1970, plusieurs décennies avant l'entrée en vigueur du registre national des délinquants sexuels. Bien que les facteurs responsables de la baisse des taux de récidive sexuelle demeurent incertains, l'amélioration de la formation des professionnels et des pratiques en milieu correctionnel fondées sur des données probantes et des collaborations entre les universités et les services correctionnels pourraient avoir joué un rôle clé. L'étude souligne l'importance d'examiner les effets de cohorte et de période sur le risque, la gestion du risque et la délinquance sexuelle.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"65 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48069376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canadian Correctional Officers' Experiences of Workplace Safety and Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Kristina Kocsis, Jennifer A. A. Lavoie","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This research examined the experiences of Canadian correctional officers (COs) in providing essential services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study applied theoretical models of stress to explore correlates of COVID-related stress in the correctional setting. Provincial COs (N = 596) took part in an online survey at the end of 2020. Only a quarter of participants reported they felt safe at their workplace during the pandemic. Participants also reported high levels of work stress typified by significant changes to their job responsibilities and role confusion stemming from pandemic-related policies. While most participants agreed that their workplace successfully implemented safeguards, they indicated key downstream considerations were lacking and perceived low levels of certain types of support. Several individual-level, situational workplace stressors, and coping resources were revealed to be significant correlates of COVID-19 stress. In estimating a hierarchical linear regression model, COVID-19 stress was found to be primarily driven by perceived safety precaution implementation when controlling for individual-level vulnerabilities. Findings examine the impact of COVID-19 among frontline workers in forgotten sectors such as corrections to contribute knowledge that can be used to support COs' well-being in the face of future infectious disease planning, as well as implications for policy planning.Résumé:Cette recherche porte sur les expériences vécues par les agent·es correctionnel·les au Canada alors qu'ils et elles assuraient des services essentiels pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. L'étude se sert de modèles théoriques du stress pour explorer les facteurs associés au stress liés à la COVID en milieu correctionnel. Des agent·es des services provinciaux (n = 596) ont répondu à un sondage en ligne à la fn de 2020. Seulement le quart des participant·es ont déclaré se sentir en sécurité dans leur milieu de travail pendant la pandémie et ont rapporté des niveaux élevés de stress au travail qu'ils et elles associaient à des modifications importantes de leurs responsabilités professionnelles et à la confusion des rôles découlant des politiques liées à la pandémie. Bien que la plupart des participant·es reconnaissent que des mesures de protection ont été mises en place avec succès dans leur milieu de travail, ils et elles indiquent que des éléments clés n'ont pas été considérés en aval, et leur perception à l'égard de certains types de soutien est qu'ils sont peu élevés. L'étude révèle que plusieurs facteurs de stress et ressources d'adaptation en milieu de travail, de nature situationnelle et individuelle, sont corrélés de manière significative au stress causé par la COVID-19. L'estimation d'un modèle de régression linéaire hiérarchique, avec contrôle des vulnérabilités à l'échelle individuelle, permet de constater que le stress lié à la COVID-19 est attribuable principalement à la perception d'une mise en oeuvre de mesures de sécurité. L","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"65 1","pages":"36 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45435727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Interviewing of Suspects Using the PEACE Model: A Comprehensive Overview","authors":"R. Bull","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In light of psychological research, a growing number of countries/organizations have decided to adopt a model/approach of \"investigative interviewing\" of suspects that does not rely on coercive or oppressive methods. In 2016, the United Nations' \"Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatments\" (law professor Juan Mendez) submitted his report to the United Nations, which stated that \"The Special Rapporteur … advocates the development of a universal protocol identifying a set of standards for non-coercive interviewing methods and procedural safeguards that ought, as a matter of law and policy, to be applied at a minimum to all interviews by law enforcement officials, military and intelligence personnel and other bodies with investigative mandates.\" When mentioning this \"universal protocol\" in 2016, the U.N. Special Rapporteur noted that \"The essence of an alternative information-gathering model was first captured by the PEACE model of interviewing adopted in 1992 in England and Wales … investigative interviewing can provide positive guidance for the protocol.\" The \"universal protocol\" took three years to produce and was published in 2021. This article will overview (i) the evolution of the PEACE method, (ii) some of the research on effectiveness of aspects of the PEACE method, and (iii) the 2021 publication called Principles of Effective Interviewing.Résumé:Compte tenu des recherches en psychologie, de plus en plus de pays et d'organisations ont décidé d'adopter un modèle ou une approche d'«entrevue d'enquête» auprès des suspects, qui ne repose pas sur des méthodes coercitives ou oppressives. En 2016, le rapporteur spécial sur la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants des Nations Unies (le professeur de droit Juan Mendez) a soumis son rapport aux Nations Unies, dans lequel il déclarait que le rapporteur spécial préconise la création d'un protocole universel établissant une série de normes pour parvenir à des méthodes d'entrevue non coercitives et des garanties procédurales qui devraient, dans le cadre des lois et des politiques, s'appliquer à tout le moins aux entrevues effectuées par les responsables de l'application des lois, les militaires, le personnel du renseignement et d'autres organismes dotés de mandats d'enquête. Lorsqu'il a fait mention de ce «protocole universel» en 2015, le rapporteur spécial des Nations Unies a remarqué que l'essence d'un autre modèle de collecte d'information a d'abord été saisie par le modèle d'entrevue PEACE adopté en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles en 1992 et que l'entrevue d'enquête peut fournir une orientation positive au protocole. Il a fallu trois ans pour produire le «protocole universel», qui a été publié en 2021. Le présent article passera en revue i) l'évolution de la méthode PEACE, ii) des recherches sur l'efficacité de certains aspects de la méthode PEACE, et iii) la publication de 2021 intitulée Principles of Effective Interviewi","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"65 1","pages":"80 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44128397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of 12 Types of Interventions in Reducing Juvenile Offending and Antisocial Behaviour","authors":"D. Farrington, Hannah Gaffney, H. White","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The main aim of this article is to summarize the best available evidence (from systematic reviews) of the eff ectiveness of 12 types of interventions in reducing juvenile off ending and antisocial behaviour. In the interests of making the results widely understandable to researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and the general public, all eff ect sizes are converted into percentage decreases in antisocial behaviour or off ending. Based on the most important systematic review in each category, the most eff ective interventions are parent training, focused deterrence, child skills training, cognitive-behavioural therapy, mentoring, and family therapy. Anti-bullying programs, anti-cyberbullying programs, and pre-court diversion programs are quite eff ective, while school exclusion reduction, aft er-school programs, and boot camps are least eff ective. Th e good news is that, based on estimated reductions in off ending, intervention programs are usually found to be much more eff ective than is commonly believed (based on other measures).","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42323824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Giving the Highest Chance of a Good Outcome”: Exploring the Missing Persons Act in British Columbia and Ontario from the Policing Perspective","authors":"Lorna Ferguson","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2021-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0057","url":null,"abstract":"British Columbia and Ontario are two of the Canadian provinces and territories that have enacted a Missing Persons Act , legislation aimed at improving the police investigation of missing person cases. Understanding the Acts in these regions from the policing perspective presents an opportunity to assess their effi cacy and utility. Th erefore, the purposes of this study are to examine police perceptions of and experiences with the M issing Persons Act in each region. Th rough in-depth, semi-structured interviews with police offi cers from over 20 services across these regions, this article explores police insights into the impacts, challenges, and benefi ts of the Acts related to missing persons work. Additionally, police support for and perceptions of this legislation are uncovered. Results show that police view the Acts in these regions as enhancing missing persons work through standardization and strengthening abilities to obtain information and records, follow various leads, and use technologies that assist in successfully locating missing people. However, a paradox emerged: Police are reluctant to make use of this legislation. Explanations for this and the implications of these fi ndings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"0 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41390667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}