Journal of Risk Finance最新文献

{"title":"Stock market integration and volatility spillovers: new evidence from Asia–Pacific and European markets","authors":"Biplab Kumar Guru, I. Yadav","doi":"10.1108/jrf-03-2022-0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-03-2022-0065","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis work investigates the volatility spillovers across stock markets and the nature of such spillovers through different periods of crises and tranquility.Design/methodology/approachUsing daily stock return volatility data from June 2003 to June 2021, the generalized forecast error variance decomposition method (based on Diebold and Yilmaz, 2012 approach) is employed to measure the degree of volatility spillovers/connectedness among stock markets of 24 Asia–Pacific and 12 European Union (EU) economies.FindingsThe empirical results from static analysis suggested that about 28.1% (63.7%) of forecast error variance in return volatility for Asia–Pacific (EU) markets is due to spillovers. The evidence from dynamic analysis suggested that during mid of the global financial crisis, European debt crisis (EDC) and Covid-19, the gross volatility spillovers for Asia–Pacific (EU) was around 67% (80%), 65% (80%) and 73% (67%), respectively. The degree of net volatility transmission from Singapore (Denmark) to other Asia–Pacific (EU) markets was found to be highest.Practical implicationsThe findings have crucial implications for the investors and portfolio managers in assessment of risk and optimum allocation of assets and investment decisions.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature on risk management by systematically examining the impact of global financial crises, EDC and Covid-19 on the market interactions by capturing the magnitude, duration and pattern of the shock-specific market volatilities for a large sample of Asian and European markets using recent and large data set.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49287936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Russia–Ukraine conflict and foreign stocks on the US market","authors":"Danjue Clancey-Shang, Chengbo Fu","doi":"10.1108/jrf-07-2022-0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-07-2022-0179","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe authors investigate how market quality diverges between foreign firms and domestic firms on the US stock market in response to the Russia–Ukraine conflict.Design/methodology/approachWith an event study approach, the authors compare foreign firms with domestic firms in their market responses over the three-day window around the outbreak of the war. Further, with Difference-in-Difference (DID) analyses, the authors study the change in foreign firms' market quality upon this outbreak in comparison with their domestic counterparts. Finally, the authors compare the foreign firms across firm specific characteristics and home country characteristics.FindingsThe authors find that foreign stocks listed in the US experience more severe market quality deterioration compared to the stocks' domestic counterparts. This effect is especially strong for companies from countries considered friendlier towards Russia and companies that are not cross-listed. The authors' findings are consistent with the information asymmetry hypothesis concerning market quality. Moreover, US market investors have more concerns over political risks with non-US-aligned political standings during war times.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors' findings are consistent with the information asymmetry hypothesis concerning market quality. Moreover, US market investors have more concerns over political risks over non-US-aligned political standings during war time.Practical implicationsSince both countries in the conflict are in Europe, the US stock market, to a certain degree, becomes a safe haven for capital from Europe and other countries. In the meantime, American Depository Receipts (ADRs) have been important for US investors to create a globally diversified portfolio, and the knowledge regarding ADRs' vulnerability to international geopolitical events is valuable. The author' results are informative for stock market investors to understand the market dynamics for international and domestic companies during this extremely uncertain time.Originality/valueThis is the first study that examines the market quality divergence between foreign firms and domestic firms on the US stock market in response to the Russia–Ukraine conflict. The authors provide novel evidence on the change in ADRs' market quality associated with significant political uncertainty. The authors show that ADRs' market quality is more vulnerable to international geopolitical risks relative to otherwise comparable domestic firms.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42575409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-conserving cryptocurrency response during the COVID-19 pandemic and amid the Russia–Ukraine conflict","authors":"Emna Mnif, Khaireddine Mouakhar, Anis Jarboui","doi":"10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0161","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe mining process is essential in cryptocurrency networks. However, it consumes considerable electrical energy, which is undoubtedly harmful to the environment. In response, energy-conserving cryptocurrency projects with reduced energy requirements or based on renewable energies have been developed. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine ignited an unprecedented upheaval in financial products, especially in cryptocurrency and energy markets. Therefore, the paper aims to explore the response of these energy-conserving cryptocurrencies to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict.Design/methodology/approachThis paper investigates the response of these energy-conserving cryptocurrencies to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict. Their competitiveness is compared with conventional ones by analyzing their efficiency through multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis and automatic variance ratio during the COVID-19 and Russian invasion periods.FindingsThe empirical results show that all investigated energy-conserving cryptocurrencies negatively responded to the pandemic and positively reacted to the Russian invasion. On the other hand, all conventional cryptocurrencies reacted negatively to the COVID-19 pandemic and the amid-Russian attack. Besides, Bitcoin and SolarCoin were the least inefficient before the outbreak of COVID-19. Nevertheless, the Ethereum market became the most efficient after the pandemic spread. Similarly, the efficiency of Ripple was the most significant during the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The energy crisis caused by Russia benefited the efficiency of the studied energy-conserving cryptocurrencies.Practical implicationsThis research is of interest to investors seeking opportunities in these energy-conserving cryptocurrencies and policymakers working to implement reforms to improve their market efficiency and promote long-term financial market growth.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, the behavior of cryptocurrencies based on renewable and reduced energy during the recent conflict between Russia and Ukraine has not been explored.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45891522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the Russia–Ukraine conflict (2022) on volatility connectedness between the Egyptian stock market sectors: evidence from the DCC-GARCH-CONNECTEDNESS approach","authors":"H. A. Mahran","doi":"10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0163","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis study investigates the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war (2022) on the volatility connectedness between Egyptian stock market sectors.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the newest dynamic conditional correlation (DCC)-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH)-CONNECTEDNESS approach to examine volatility connectedness in a sample of ten sectors in the Egyptian stock market, namely banks, education, food, healthcare, industry, information technology, real estate, resources, transportation and travel, ranging from February 1, 2019 to May 31, 2022.FindingsThe findings show that connectedness among the Egyptian stock market sectors varies depending on the time. The average dynamic connectedness measure among sectors in Egypt is 73.24%. This average was 85.63% during the Russia–Ukraine War (2022). The author also shows that the transportation sector is the most significant net transmitter of volatility in the remaining sectors during the Russia–Ukraine War (2022).Practical implicationsThis study intends for policymakers to examine the co-movements, market variations and volatility spillover of stock markets, particularly during crises. Furthermore, the results help investors gain insight into diversifying the investors' portfolio assets to optimize profits.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has investigated the implications of the war between Russia and Ukraine (2022) on sectoral interconnectedness within the stock markets in any country and discussion and empirical evidence from African countries are lacking. This study fills this gap in the literature. Additionally, the author uses the newest approach, the DCC-GARCH-CONNECTEDNESS approach, to describe the time-varying volatility spillover between economic sectors in Egypt.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47774618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dodging the bullet: overcoming the financial impact of Ukraine armed conflict with sustainable business strategies and environmental approaches","authors":"M. Mattera, Federico Soto","doi":"10.1108/jrf-04-2022-0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-04-2022-0092","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of sustainable business models in building corporate reputation and resilience. Specifically, the financial performance of listed companies will be evaluated following the beginning of the armed conflict in Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Taking as a standpoint the triple bottom line (TBL) theory, the case of firms listed in the Spanish IBEX-35 index is analysed. The present paper evaluates financial performance and corporate reputation, based on the usage of Environment, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) strategies to adhere to their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Design/methodology/approachTo achieve this goal, energy firms operating in Spain are evaluated. Specifically, companies operating in the energy sector listed in the IBEX35, benchmark index of Spain’s largest trading platform are considered. The analysis comprises evaluating the fluctuation in the value of their stock and the influence of usage of renewable and other power sources that limit dependency on foreign events. In addition, communication and dissemination of non-financial information, and usage of international standards within these areas, are considered as well.FindingsResults show long-term CSR commitments and ESG strategies significantly impact firm’s ability to overcome crises and improve financial performance. Additionally, energy firms that adhered to the energy transition into renewables display stronger performance and lower dependency on uncertain and weakened markets during the Ukraine armed conflict.Practical implicationsThe results contribute to the advancement of the TBL theory and the creation of sustainable business models. By introducing ESG strategies, firms are able to improve the people-profit-planet balance and at the same time improve their resilience. This contributes to an overall enhancement of their capacity to overcome crises and sustain their financial performance and corporate reputation over time. Policy makers can also benefit from this knowledge, introducing regulation that promotes and supports companies’ development of their CSR through ESG strategies, to ensure more sustainable organisations that can support the economy in a context of hardship.Originality/valueThe analysis evaluates the results of a firm’s long-term commitment to the TBL through adequate ESG strategies when operating in unexpected and unprecedented hostile environments. Previous research has focused on the link between some variables concerning financial performance and ESG strategies yet not considering the specific context of an enhanced crisis (i.e. a pandemic and armed conflict). This can provide significant insight into the contribution that people, profit and planet can provide in building sustainable and successful organisations. Lastly, the paper outlines the key factors that contributed to the firm’s ability to overcome extreme hardships, such as operating in an environment affected by a combinati","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42198586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the safe-haven and hedging properties of Bitcoin: new evidence from COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Wafa Abdelmalek, Noureddine Benlagha","doi":"10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0153","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis study aims to investigate the safe-haven and hedging properties of Bitcoin against a wide variety of conventional assets before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a smooth transition regression (STR) to jointly test the hedging properties of Bitcoin in normal conditions and Bitcoin's safe-haven properties in extreme stock market conditions.FindingsHighlighting the results, the authors show that Bitcoin is able to provide safe-haven feature during the COVID-19 pandemic period while Bitcoin serves as a hedge tool in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period. The findings also show that the prowess of the safe-haven/hedge nature is sensitive to the type of the asset market and the time horizon when switching from daily to weekly frequency data.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies that conduct a combined analysis of the safe-haven and hedging capabilities of Bitcoin against several asset classes using an STR method. This study uses the longest sample period to yet, allowing researchers to examine Bitcoin's safe-haven and hedging features both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41930742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The footprints of Russia–Ukraine war on the intraday (in)efficiency of energy markets: a multifractal analysis","authors":"Faheem Aslam, Skander Slim, M. Osman, Ibrahim Tabche","doi":"10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0152","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis paper examines the impact of Russian invasion of Ukraine on the intraday efficiency of four major energy markets, namely, diesel oil, Brent oil, light oil and natural gas.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) to high-frequency returns (30-min intervals) for the period from October 21, 2021, to May 20, 2022. The data sample of 5,141 observations is divided into two sub-samples, before and after the invasion of 24th February 2022. Additionally, the magnitude of long memory index is employed to investigate the presence of herding behavior around the invasion period.FindingsResults confirm the presence of multifractality in energy markets and reveal significant changes of multifractal strength due to the invasion, indicating a decline of intraday efficiency for oil markets. Surprisingly, the natural gas market, being the least efficient before the invasion, turns out to be more efficient after the invasion. The findings also suggest that investors in these energy markets are likely to show herding, more prominently after the invasion.Practical implicationsThe multifractal patterns, in particular the long memory property of energy markets, can help investors develop profitable investment strategies. Furthermore, the improved efficiency observed in the natural gas market, after the invasion, highlights its unique traits and underlying complexity.Originality/valueThis study is the first attempt to assess the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on the efficiency of global commodity markets. This is quite important because the adverse effects of the war on financial markets may potentially cause destabilizing outcomes and negative effects on social welfare on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42856177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"News-based sentiment: can it explain market performance before and after the Russia–Ukraine conflict?","authors":"V. Le, Hans-Jörg von Mettenheim, Stéphane Goutte, Fei Liu","doi":"10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-06-2022-0168","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the market response of the aerospace and defense industry and the airline industry to the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia based on the sentiments from war-related news articles over the period from October 2021 to June 2022.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the news article database of Global Database of Events, Languages and Tone (GDELT) to create a new set of variables that reflect the news sentiment regarding war and conflict. By investigating the newly created sentiment variables in combination with traditional event study methodology, the authors seek to find out whether sentiment indicators can be helpful to rationalize the evolution of the different stock markets before and after the conflict.FindingsThe authors' results point out a significant negative impact of the war on the airline market and a positive impact on the defense market. The authors' study also introduces a new set of war-related news-based sentiment variables that is significant to explain the evolution of the two markets before and after the war. The relationships between this study's new set of variables and the performance of the two markets are also proven to be significantly impacted by the invasion.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first research to use the news sentiment related to the topic of war and conflict to explain the market movement of different industries during the Ukraine invasion.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46007566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic effects of green bond market development in Asian economies","authors":"Quang Phung Thanh","doi":"10.1108/jrf-08-2022-0216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-08-2022-0216","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeIn the recent decades, the green projects have suffered from serious lack of investment, highlighting the major role of green financing to attract private investors to these projects. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the economic impacts of green bond (GB) market in 37 Asian economies.Design/methodology/approachTo empirically analyze the impacts of issued GBs on different macroeconomic variables of 37 Asian countries, the co-integration and causality approaches are employed to analyze the data for the period of 2002–2018.FindingsThe primary findings indicated the presence of a unidirectional causal direction running from inflation rate, inward FDI, governance indicator, and human development index to issued GBs for the sample of Asian economies that were analyzed. Regarding Group I (higher and upper-middle income Asian countries), there are bi-directional relationships between the GB and other variables, indicating that the policies of governments in each variable influence other variables, whereas for Group II (low and lower-middle income Asian countries), there are uni-directional relationships running from HDI, governance indicator, and inflation rate to GBs, but only bi-directional causal relationships.Practical implicationsIn Asian economies with a lower per capita income, implementing policies to enhance the efficiency of issued GBs so that they have a positive impact on economic activities and human development may be an appropriate strategy with major policy implications. In this way, financial system improvement, financing rural electrification and the transition to electric vehicles through GBs are recommended, while for the case of high- and upper-middle-income economies in Asia, simplifying capital flows from abroad to the GB market can be considered a practical policy.Originality/valueThis study contributes to current green finance research by studying the effects of several variables on the GB market for the instance of Asian countries with low and lower-middle incomes, as well as high-upper middle incomes.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46152936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fintech and Islamic banking growth: new evidence","authors":"Mouwafac Sidaoui, Faten Ben Bouheni, Zandanbal Arslankhuyag, Samuele Mian","doi":"10.1108/jrf-03-2022-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jrf-03-2022-0049","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the global developments in the area of fintech solutions by analyzing Islamic and Conventional banks core accounting and market analysis IFIs and their impact on financial inclusion within its core markets.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collect and analyze annual accounting and market Data of the top ten largest Islamic banks and the top ten US Conventional banks, in terms of Total Asset and Market Capitalization, from Bloomberg Data.FindingsThe analysis of Bloomberg data shows higher risk-return for Islamic banks–except ROE Market measure that we suggest-than US conventional banks. Nonetheless, Islamic banking grew faster than conventional banking over the period 2006–2021. As a business model, we find that Islamic banks take more credit with more than seventy percent of their profit from loans, while US conventional banks struggle to reach seventy percent interest rate ratio. The authors’ research documents that Fintech and digitalization are driving Islamic finance growth during financial and economic downturns.Research limitations/implicationsFinTech data is not available for banks, further insights of analysis on FinTech and Innovations in the banking sectors.Practical implicationsIslamic banks continuously innovate to satisfy the users of their services and Fintech is opportune to innovation. This study could be interesting for both practitioners and academics wishing to understand and compare Islamic and conventional banking futures.Social implicationsThe authors compared two banking systems, the US and Islamic Banks, which could be useful for users to differentiate between those banking operations.Originality/valueThe authors collected accounting and market data from Bloomberg of top 10 Islamic and top 10 US Conventional banks from 2006 to 2021 to examine Risk-Return, Growth and Business Model of those banks. The authors propose a new Risk-Return measure ROE-Market and its volatility.","PeriodicalId":46579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Risk Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46602058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}