Geography最新文献

{"title":"Cover the ice or ski on grass?","authors":"Rachael E. Carver, F. Tweed","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1970926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1970926","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Climate change is having a world-wide impact, particularly on the cryosphere, which is experiencing rapid melting with a range of consequences for the environment and society. In many places, reduced snow and ice have implications for the experiences of visitors. This article reviews the impacts of deglaciation on glacier and ski tourism and in doing so, it brings together human and physical geography. We begin by summarising the relationships between glaciers and climate change, highlighting impacts of glacier retreat, before considering tourism in glaciated areas. We explore ways in which some locations are adapting to changing environmental conditions and examine tactics that have been used to manage the effects of deglaciation on tourism, specifically in the European Alps. Glacier conservation, snow harvesting, the production of artificial snow and modifying the range of tourist experiences all illustrate the dilemmas involved in adapting to climate change in practice.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"116 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45515285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The colour of climate change: making the racial injustice of climate change visible","authors":"Jeremy Williams","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1970928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1970928","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing on a presentation given at the Geographical Association’s Annual Conference in April 2021 (Williams, 2021a), this article investigates the way that depictions of planet Earth are often simplified to green continents on blue oceans, accidentally universalising a white and western perspective of the Earth. The article demonstrates how this effect is evident in language too, where commentators or campaigns often use ‘we’ to create a sense of a common human experience. This universalising tendency reinforces existing Eurocentric geographies, obscuring the inequalities of climate change and the fact that some areas of the world are much more vulnerable to it than others. These inequalities fall along racial lines, with people of colour much more likely to be adversely affected by climate change, while majority white countries bear the greatest responsibility for historical emissions. To make the racial dimension of climate change visible, this article argues for a greater focus on the perspectives of people of colour in climate discourse.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"136 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48052251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GlacierMap: a virtual opportunity to explore the Andes’ vanishing glaciers","authors":"C. Clason, Sally Rangecroft, Gina Kallis, S. Lewin, Tom Mullier","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1970932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1970932","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"148 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48867117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Meteorology/Climatology","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0235","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural meteorology (also referred to as agrometeorology) is the study of the effects of weather on agriculture, while agricultural climatology (alternatively, agroclimatology) is concerned with the effects of climate on agriculture. These fields of study share many of the same goals, philosophies, approaches, and methods. As a consequence, disciplinary boundaries are indistinct, and the terms “agricultural meteorology” and “agrometeorology” are increasingly used interchangeably with “agricultural climatology” and “agroclimatology.” Agricultural meteorology/climatology is oftentimes considered a bridge between the physical and biological sciences, although this interdisciplinarity increasingly includes the social sciences. While most research has focused on the production of food staples (e.g., maize, rice, and wheat), agricultural meteorologists and climatologists also address the influence of weather and climate on specialty crops, animal husbandry, commercial forestry, and aquaculture. Management of agricultural pests and diseases is another major focus. Atmospheric and biophysical processes operating at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales—from seconds to centuries and from an individual leaf to a global agricultural system—are explored. Agricultural meteorologists and climatologists promote the sustainable management of agricultural resources and strive to improve the livelihoods of agricultural stakeholders. Both basic and applied research are conducted to further these goals, and agricultural meteorologists and climatologists are often involved in the development, delivery, and evaluation of agricultural services. These services range from decision support tools for daily agricultural operations to services focused on seasonal or longer-term planning. Observations of the atmosphere-plant-soil environment are central to research and applications in agricultural meteorology/climatology, as are empirical and process-based models. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change, and potential adaptation strategies are widely investigated. Mitigation is also a concern as many agriculture activities emit greenhouse gases or contribute to land cover change. As other entries in Oxford Bibliographies address the theoretical aspects of atmosphere-plant-soil interactions (see “Land-Atmosphere Interactions” by Geoffrey M. Henebry, Nathan J. Moore, and Jiquan Chen), this entry primarily focuses on the applications-based literature in agricultural meteorology/climatology. The intent is to draw on both classic and recent literature to illustrate the nature of the research questions and applications of concern to agricultural meteorologists and climatologists, the approaches they use to address these questions and concerns, and the types of agricultural services they provide.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45279819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnonationalism","authors":"Nina Caspersen","doi":"10.4135/9781412952613.n172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952613.n172","url":null,"abstract":"The term ethnonationalism (or ethno-nationalism) elicits understandings and forms of nationalism that regard ethnicity and ethnic ties as core components of conceptions and experiences of the “nation”. At the intersection of profound cultural, social, and political concerns, the study of ethnonationalism lends itself to a variety of interdisciplinary approaches across the full spectrum of the human and social sciences: from history and geography to international law, from anthropology to political science and international relations, from psychology and sociology to philosophy and ethics. Geographical approaches to ethnonational questions tend to privilege the spatiality of ethnonational identities and the territoriality of ethnic and national groups and political movements. They draw on the work of social and cultural geographers dedicated to issues of ethnicity and other identities as well as on the political and legal geographies of social movements, organizations, and institutions. Since the early 20th century, the study of ethnonationalism (or simply nationalism) has consistently been justified by the momentum of the topic at critical historical junctures. There was, first, the formation and management of large European multiethnic and multinational empires—principally the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy, but also the Russian and Ottoman Empires—their role as sources of conflict and their ultimate demise in the wake of World War I. In the interwar period the redrawing of the political map of Europe in part along ethnic and national lines according to a proclaimed “right of peoples” to self-determination, but also the rise of fascism and national-socialism (Nazism), would justify continued interest in the “national question.” During the Cold War the independence of former European colonies in Asia and Africa motivated research in issues of ethnic, tribal, and national identities and allegiances and the political difficulties stemming from their interactions in the context of modern territorial statehood. The governance structure of the Soviet Union and its eventual collapse in the 1980s and 1990s and the resurgence of ethnic and national claims and conflicts in its aftermath and around the world of the post–Cold War era reinvigorated ethnonationalism research and scholarship in the late 20th and well into the 21st centuries. Simultaneously, some sociocultural and political effects of contemporary globalization and increased international migration may have generated newer brands of “ethno-national” movements in the form of reactionary, “nativist” and populist, often xenophobic and racist, always exclusionary identity politics in the more developed world—such as so-called “white nationalism” in the United States.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44133066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Electronic Sensing Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0231","url":null,"abstract":"Although environmental measurement instrumentation has been utilized by human civilizations for thousands of years, the use of electronics to conduct measurements closely parallels the development of electrical theory from the 19th century to the present. Environmental electronic sensing systems have been created to automate measurement tasks that are difficult for humans to repeat in a precise and synchronous fashion or to measure phenomena that cannot be manually observed at scales ranging from the microscopic to the planetary. The collection and recording of data at regular timesteps enable inputs to mathematical models that provide predictions and forecasts of environmental processes; moreover, these models can be used to better understand planetary systems. Data measurements conducted at different scales can be subjected to statistical or scaling analysis to provide gridded data sets for application of mathematical models. Point measurements made at a single geographic location provide calibration or validation for satellite remote sensing data products. Measurements made by different sensors can be utilized along with sensor fusion algorithms to calculate indexes or gridded data sets. The sources in this article have been selected to provide an overview of the sensors and associated sensing systems that measure components of the environment on or near the surface of the Earth. Each first-level heading demarcates different environmental components. The final section of the article provides a selection of references pertaining to the engineering of sensor networks that are used to obtain areal measurements of environmental processes. Each section contains a series of subsections that divide the literature according to the type of sensor or measurement. An emphasis is placed on the selection of references that provide insight into the measurement physics of the sensor and the environmental physics of the phenomena being measured. Moreover, references are selected that provide schematic diagrams and engineering design considerations suitable for replication and development of new sensors. Papers on sensor calibration and error analysis as well as case studies are included for operational use and field deployment applications. Due to the numerous papers that have been published on environmental sensing systems, it is not possible to cite all available literature pertaining to a certain type of sensor. To close gaps in the literature and to provide ideas for students, instrument developers, engineers, and environmental scientists, overview papers are also provided in this article. These overview papers often present ideas in a succinct fashion and the associated sensor mathematics, design, and signal processing are provided in a manner to enhance pedagogical value.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45568722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GIS and Crime Analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0233","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial analysis of crime has gained increasing attention during the past thirty years, coupled with the growth of geographic information systems (GIS). Most crime analysis tasks are either carried out in a GIS environment or supported by a GIS. GIS is typically used as a tool for data management, data processing, data visualization, and data analysis for crime studies. Crime analysis normally involves the following elements: uncovering spatio-temporal patterns of crime distribution, such as crime hotspots; explaining these patterns and discerning major contributing factors based on multivariate regression modeling; predicting future crime patterns using machine learning and other predictive methods; developing crime prevention approaches based on historical and future crime patterns; and evaluating the effectiveness of crime prevention, to find out if crime is reduced in the targeted area and whether the nearby areas are affected by the intervention. It should be noted that crime analysis is inherently multidisciplinary, including but not limited to geography, criminology, computer science, statistics, urban planning, and sociology. Therefore, an effective crime analyst should be well trained in multiple disciplinary approaches. Any crime analysis that leads to real-world impact must rely on sound theories and effective methodologies. Many of the theories covered in this article are related to geography, criminology, and sociology. The methods are mostly influenced by GIS, spatial statistics, and artificial intelligence. Crime analysis also involves multiple stakeholders, including at least government agencies, universities, and private companies. Universities conduct basic and applied research, private companies convert the research to products, and government agencies provide funding for research and implement crime prevention strategies. In addition, crime analysis needs to pay close attention to potential issues related to ethics, privacy, confidentiality, and discrimination.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43701432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organising concepts in geography education: a model","authors":"Lotta Dessen Jankell, Johan Sandahl, David Örbring","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1919406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919406","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents a model for organising geographical concepts that aims to support teachers’ choices of what to teach and how to organise a cohesive and appropriate teaching plan for school geography. The model is a result of a collaborative research process between researchers and Swedish teachers. The purpose was to explore how the core concepts of geography, which are implicit in the Swedish syllabus (Örbring, 2017), can be used in teaching as powerful tools for learning (Brooks, 2018) and to develop epistemic teaching practices for school geography to counterbalance the traditional focus on content (Eriksson and Lindberg, 2016; Knorr-Cetina, 1999). During professional development seminars, teachers’ experiences were linked to procedural concepts in geography (i.e. concepts that mediate specific geographical ways of thinking and doing (Lambert, 2011)), used at an organisational level in line with models introduced by Taylor (2008). This article describes a model that integrates geographical concepts and suggests how they could be used as tools in relation to each other as well as to specific content. Here, we present the considerations behind the structure and functions of the model, and teachers’ reflections on producing and using it in class as a way to develop students’ geographical knowing.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"66 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal geographies: food retailers, fast food companies and animal welfare","authors":"Peter G. Jones, D. Comfort","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1919415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919415","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction During the past decade, animal geographies have attracted increasing attention within the discipline. Sellick (2020), for example, traces the development of animal geographies using the example of cattle and their relationships with space, place and landscape. She suggests that the driving force behind animal geographies was ‘how should humans treat animals in an ethical way’ (Sellick, 2020, p. 22), which puts animal welfare under the spotlight. That said, Buller claims ‘shopping for welfare-friendly food products becomes an act of care-at-a-distance’ (2016, p. 422). The separation between production and consumption also poses a challenge for the food retailers and fast food companies who are a prominent feature on high streets and retail parks throughout the UK. While most of these food retailers and fast food companies are not involved in the raising, feeding, handling, transport or processing of animals, they are increasingly looking to respond to consumer concerns about animal welfare. This article aims to extend Sellick’s work on cattle and to respond to Johnston’s call for animal geographies to ‘better understand the current construction and social negotiation of farm animal welfare’ (2013, p. 139).","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"105 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45062633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining geographical boundaries","authors":"Sue Brooks","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1919402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"58 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46540157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}