Social Science History最新文献_第10页

Minutes of History: Talk and Its Written Incarnations 历史记录：谈话及其书面化身

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-03-17 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2022.4

David R. Gibson

{"title":"Minutes of History: Talk and Its Written Incarnations","authors":"David R. Gibson","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2022.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2022.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Meeting minutes (and similar records) provide a cherished window into the internal workings of important bodies, but scholars usually have little option but to trust their veridicality. However, the production of a record of talk as it happens is a difficult task, especially when talk is animated and turn-taking unregimented. I compare recordings of four National Security Council meetings secretly made by Presidents Kennedy and Nixon with minutes and notes taken by NSC principals and staff members. While minute-taking practices differed in level of detail, all minute-takers engaged in processes of preservation, deletion, and transformation as they sought to distill and disambiguate. Moreover, the need to omit some talk made it possible to suppress certain kinds of content, such as evidence of internal disagreement. The loose relationship between talk and its written incarnation is consequential for lay actors, such as subordinates who rely on minutes for insight into their superiors’ wishes and mindsets; for scholars tempted to read minutes as an accurate account of what transpired; and, potentially, for other sorts of investigators looking to apportion responsibility for misbehavior and bad outcomes.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"643 - 669"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49376454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Lynching of Italians and the Rise of Antilynching Politics in the United States 意大利人的私刑与美国反私刑政治的兴起

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.43

Charles Seguin, Sabrina Nardin

{"title":"The Lynching of Italians and the Rise of Antilynching Politics in the United States","authors":"Charles Seguin, Sabrina Nardin","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2021.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.43","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the years following the end of Reconstruction lynching became a favored method of White supremacist terror in the US South. Despite presidential efforts to quell racist violence in the 1870s, throughout the 1880s, presidents tended to ignore lynchings, and northern newspapers legitimized lynchings as a form of “rough justice.” Over time, however, presidents began to denounce lynchings, and northern newspapers began to argue that lynching shamed the United States before the “civilized world.” Scholars disagree, however, on both when and why the presidency and newspapers began to oppose lynching. We show that the lynching of Italian nationals catalyzed opposition to lynching from both the presidency and national newspapers starting in 1891. Using new data from across the United States, Great Britain, and Italy, we trace the political impact of the lynching of Italians. Lynchings of Italians brought immediate political pressure from the Italian embassy and generated broad international condemnation of the lynching of Italians in the United States. Ida B. Wells exploited this international outrage on her 1894 British tour to draw international attention to the lynching of Black Americans. International condemnation led presidents that were sensitive to their international reputation to denounce lynching, first of Italians, but later of Black victims. Our account dates the rise of antilynching politics earlier than accounts that focus on Ida B. Wells’s British tour of 1894, or the NAACP’s antilynching campaign post–World War I.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"65 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42891607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Interpersonal Violence in Chile, c. 1880s–2010s: A Tale of Delayed but Successful Convergence 智利的人际暴力，约18800-2010年代：延迟但成功融合的故事

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.49

Rodrigo Rivero-Cantillano, M. Llorca-Jaña, D. Clarke, Javier Rivas, Daniel Quezada, Martina Allende

{"title":"Interpersonal Violence in Chile, c. 1880s–2010s: A Tale of Delayed but Successful Convergence","authors":"Rodrigo Rivero-Cantillano, M. Llorca-Jaña, D. Clarke, Javier Rivas, Daniel Quezada, Martina Allende","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2021.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.49","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We analyze the evolution of homicide rates in Chile, as a proxy of interpersonal violence, from the 1880s to the 2010s. Homicides rates are the best measure of a country’s personal security, and a key variable of well-being. We found that the homicides rates were high during the late nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth century. From the 1930s homicide rates started to decline initially gradually, but then sharply during the 1950s–1960s. During the 1960s–1990s, the country’s homicide rates were low by international standards. However, they have increased during the last two decades. Our regression suggests that increased social spending in the past is associated with reduced homicides in the present, that past and concurrent economic growth also correlates with a reduction in the rate of homicides, and that increased police presence is correlated with a reduction in the rate of homicides. The 1930s–1960s are a key period in the evolution of interpersonal violence. It coincides with the emergence of a welfare state (and increasing social expenditure), declining poverty rates, improvements in health and education, and an increase in suffrage.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"373 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48461102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Explaining the Chile–Uruguay Divergence in Democratic Inclusion: Left Parties and the Political Articulation Hypothesis 解释智利与乌拉圭在民主包容上的分歧:左翼政党与政治衔接假说

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.50

Gabriel Chouhy

{"title":"Explaining the Chile–Uruguay Divergence in Democratic Inclusion: Left Parties and the Political Articulation Hypothesis","authors":"Gabriel Chouhy","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2021.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.50","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article develops a political articulation-based explanation of divergence in democratic inclusion between two champions of liberal democracy in Latin America: Chile and Uruguay. Political articulation scholars depart from the traditional reflection models of political parties as mere expression of preexisting social cleavages, highlighting the relative autonomy of parties’ practices and their strategic role in structuring state-society relations. My work extends this current trend in comparative-historical sociology to the Latin American Left turn after the demise of the market-fundamentalist Washington Consensus, empirically identifying a set of strategies that boost Left parties’ capacity to articulate on a specifically class basis. These strategies, I argue, are endowed with causal efficacy, driving democratic variation beyond the restrictions and opportunities of the institutional environment. Combining process tracing account of historical sequences with my own analyses of labor statistics, protest events, and party linkages and manifestos, I show that differences in Left parties’ ability to build linkages with labor and advance its institutional representation as a class actor are at the root of the divergence in political inclusion between these two countries. This finding has substantial implications for contemporary democratic theory: after neoliberalism, strongly organized mass parties of the Left may not be a necessary condition for a given democracy’s stability and consolidation, but they may be a sufficient condition for a particular democracy’s realization of the normative ideal of political equality.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"401 - 430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45308993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage 商业进入和退出:1851 - 1881年英格兰和威尔士业主的职业变化

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-01-24 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.48

R. Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Carry van Lieshout, Harry Smith

{"title":"Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage","authors":"R. Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Carry van Lieshout, Harry Smith","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2021.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.48","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article links the digital records of individual proprietors in the manuscript censuses 1851–81 for the whole of England and Wales using the BBCE database to identify career changes of employers and own account proprietors. It investigates continuing proprietorship, entry to business from previous activity, and switching out of business. The article identifies the effects on switching of demography, gender, household relationships, sector markets, and opportunity/necessity measured by location and access to railways. Previous analysis of nineteenth-century proprietor careers has been based mainly on local case studies and large firms. This article allows examination across the spectrum of small and large businesses for a representative sample large enough to generalize to the behavior of the whole population. The analysis shows a larger proportion of flows between employer, own account, and worker status than often expected, indicating a relatively open and flexible Victorian economy, and higher than in the modern United Kingdom. Farm and nonfarm activities show contrasted patterns, with farm proprietors more stable with less switching, as to be expected. Switching appears to have slowed slightly over time, with incumbency increasing for both farm and nonfarm employers, and for both men and women, but own account proprietorship was often relatively ephemeral. The article assesses the factors influencing switching using logistic regression. This confirms age, sex, marital status, family position, location, and sector as significant for explaining switching/nonswitching. The results demonstrate that although open and flexible, proprietorship was highly varied between sectors, with changes of railway accessibility mainly significant for farmers.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"255 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46420092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Historical and Comparative Research on Social Diffusion: Mechanisms, Methods, and Data 社会扩散的历史与比较研究:机制、方法与数据

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-01-18 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.46

Sean F. Everton, Steven Pfaff

{"title":"Historical and Comparative Research on Social Diffusion: Mechanisms, Methods, and Data","authors":"Sean F. Everton, Steven Pfaff","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2021.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.46","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Historical and comparative social scientists are increasingly interested in explaining the spread of innovations—which social scientists commonly refer to as diffusion and, broadly conceived, can include the spread of new ideas, behaviors, technologies, and institutions. However, in spite of the profusion of studies, researchers do not always specify a diffusion model or its underlying causal mechanisms. Whereas many studies document spatial diffusion, not all specify a vector, model flows of influence and information, or show how people and places are connected (tied) to one another. In reviewing some of the most important work on the spread of religion, violent conflict, and social movements over the last few decades, it is clear to us that social network analysis has revolutionized the historical study of diffusion. Even so, many studies have yet to embrace concepts, methods, and measures from social network analysis. Nevertheless, we are convinced that the combination of historical perspectives on change and innovation, new methods of historical data collection and analysis, and growing sophistication in the application of network concepts and models is shedding light on a host of historical questions and contributing to our general understanding of diffusion.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"431 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44409551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The Working Week in the Long Nineteenth Century: Evidence from the Timings of Political Events in Britain 19世纪漫长的工作周：来自英国政治事件时间安排的证据

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.51

Matteo Tiratelli

引用次数: 1

Protestant Missionary Education and the Diffusion of Women’s Education in Ottoman Turkey: A Historical GIS Analysis 新教传教士教育与奥斯曼土耳其妇女教育的扩散——历史GIS分析

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.39

Emre Amasyalı

{"title":"Protestant Missionary Education and the Diffusion of Women’s Education in Ottoman Turkey: A Historical GIS Analysis","authors":"Emre Amasyalı","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2021.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.39","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A significant literature demonstrates that the presence of historic missionary societies—especially Protestant societies—during the colonial period is significantly and positively associated with increased educational attainment and economic outcomes. However, we know less about the mechanisms underlying the long-run consequences of institutions, as it is commonly very hard to disentangle direct effects from indirect effects. One clear way to do so, however, is to explore the long-term impact of missionary influence in places in which the direct beneficiaries of missionary education are no longer present. The present article considers one such region, the Anatolian region of the Ottoman Empire. Due to the ethnic violence and population movements at the start of the twentieth century, the newfound Turkish nation-state was largely religiously homogenous. This provides us with a unique situation to empirically assess the long-run indirect effects of Christian missionary societies on local human capital. For this purpose, I present an original dataset that provides the locations of Protestant mission stations and schools, Ottoman state-run schools, and Armenian community schools contained within Ottoman Anatolia between 1820 and 1914. Contrary to the common association found in the literature, this study does not find missionary presence to be correlated with modern-day schooling. Rather, I find that regions with a heightened missionary presence and an active Christian educational market perform better on the gender parity index for pretertiary schooling during both the Ottoman and Turkish periods.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"173 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48828210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Situating Politics: Spatial Heterogeneity and the Study of Political History 情境政治:空间异质性与政治史研究

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2022.10

Adam Slez

{"title":"Situating Politics: Spatial Heterogeneity and the Study of Political History","authors":"Adam Slez","doi":"10.1017/ssh.2022.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2022.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While quantitative methods are routinely used to examine historical materials, critics take issue with the use of global regression models that attach a single parameter to each predictor, thereby ignoring the effects of time and space, which together define the context in which historical events unfold. This problem can be addressed by allowing for parameter heterogeneity, as highlighted by the proliferation of work on the use of time-varying parameter models. In this article, I show how this approach can be extended to the case of spatial data using spatially varying coefficient models, with an eye toward the study of electoral politics, where the use of spatial data is especially common in historical settings. Toward this end, I revisit a critical case in the field of quantitative history: the rise of electoral Populism in the American West in the period between 1890 and 1896. Upending popular narratives about the correlates of third-party support in the late nineteenth century, I show that the association between third-party vote share and traditional predictors such as economic hardship and ethnic composition varied considerably from one place to the next, giving rise to distinct varieties of electoral Populism—a finding that is missed by global models, which mistake the mathematically particular for the historically general. These findings have important theoretical and empirical implications for the study of political action in a world where parameter heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as a standard feature of modern social science.","PeriodicalId":46528,"journal":{"name":"Social Science History","volume":"46 1","pages":"719 - 750"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47383785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Socioeconomic Status and Group Belonging: Evidence from Early-Nineteenth-Century Colonial West Africa 社会经济地位和群体归属:来自19世纪早期西非殖民地的证据

IF 0.8 3区历史学

Social Science History Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2021.47

Stefania Galli

引用次数: 0