American SpeechPub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8661822
Chris Montgomery
{"title":"Brains, Ears, and Eyes on Language","authors":"Chris Montgomery","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8661822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8661822","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"356-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42492926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
American SpeechPub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8220988
F. Blanchette, Paul E Reed, Erin Flannery, Carrie N. Jackson
{"title":"Linguistic Diversity in Appalachia","authors":"F. Blanchette, Paul E Reed, Erin Flannery, Carrie N. Jackson","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8220988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8220988","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how American English speakers from within and outside the Appalachian region interpret negative auxiliary inversion (NAI). Previously observed in Appalachian and other English varieties, NAI has surface syntax similar to yes-no questions but receives a declarative interpretation (e.g., Didn’t everybody watch Superbowl 53, meaning ‘not everybody watched’). Previous work shows that NAI is associated with a reading in which some but not all people participated in an event, as opposed to one in which no one participated. Results from an interpretation task revealed that Appalachian participants tended to obtain the ‘not all’ and not the ‘no one’ reading for NAI. In contrast, non-Appalachian participants’ interpretations exhibited greater inter- and intraspeaker variability. Appalachian participants with more ‘not all’ interpretations reported positive attitudes toward NAI use, and they also distinguished between attested and unattested syntactic subject types (e.g., everybody, many people, *few people) in a naturalness rating task. Appalachian participants with more ‘no one’ interpretations had more negative attitudes toward NAI use and made no distinction between subject types. These results highlight how individuals from Appalachia interpret NAI differently than individuals from outside the region and suggest that language attitudes may impact semantic interpretation within a nonmainstream speaker group.","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"297-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43921683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
American SpeechPub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-7706542
R. Burdin
{"title":"The Perception of Macro-rhythm in Jewish English Intonation","authors":"R. Burdin","doi":"10.1215/00031283-7706542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-7706542","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates intonation’s place in what Sarah Bunin Benor calls the American Jewish English repertoire, a collection of features that speakers can use to index Jewish identity. Results from a perceptual experiment show variation in which intonational contours listeners associate with Jewishness. Jewish listeners, particularly those with connections with Yiddish speakers, pick out a phonetically distinct rise-fall as indicating Jewishness; however, non-Jewish listeners hear a different set of contours—a less phonetically distinct rise-fall and a rise—as sounding Jewish. The author proposes that there is a unifying feature being perceived as “Jewish”: specifically, more macro-rhythmic contours (with regular alternations of high and low pitch) are heard as more Jewish. For Jewish speakers, only the contour with the greatest degree of macro-rhythm (the rise-fall with higher peaks) is heard as Jewish; for non-Jewish speakers, a lower degree of macro-rhythm suffices. Intonation thus behaves much like other parts of the sound system in that the social meaning of a particular linguistic feature is highly dependent on an individual’s linguistic and social history.","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"263-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43253442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
American SpeechPub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8186892
Aaron J. Dinkin
{"title":"The Foot of the Lake","authors":"Aaron J. Dinkin","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8186892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8186892","url":null,"abstract":"In 2013, Dinkin reported an unexpectedly sharp dialect boundary in northern New York between the communities of Ogdensburg and Canton in St. Lawrence County: Ogdensburg exhibited the Northern Cities Vowel Shift (NCS) and very little evidence of the low back merger, while Canton showed low back merger nearing completion and no NCS. This article investigates the nature of this dialect boundary via new sociolinguistic interview data from eight neighboring communities: four along the St. Lawrence River and four 25 miles south of it. An east-west division is observed in merger incidence: the four communities to the west, including Ogdensburg, show relatively robust lot-thought distinction, though apparent-time trends toward merger exist; east of Ogdensburg, the merger is much more advanced. A similar sharp boundary may hold for the NCS raising of trap (though the data are spottier due to the NCS’s obsolescence). The geographical sharpness of this boundary suggests that it is not due merely to socioeconomic differences between communities. It may be due to historical patterns of transportation: in the nineteenth century, Ogdensburg was the easternmost navigable point of the upper St. Lawrence River, meaning communities east of Ogdensburg were not directly accessible to the Great Lakes shipping network. keywords: low back merger, Northern Cities Shift, dialect geography, Inland North, North Country The inland north of the United States is a dialect region in flux. Labov, Ash, and Boberg’s Atlas of North American English (2006) portrayed the region, stretching along the Great Lakes from Upstate New York to Wisconsin, as maintaining or even increasing its distinctiveness from other dialect regions. While the merger of the low back lot and thought vowel phonemes was in progress or complete in the majority of North American dialect regions, the Inland North appeared to show “stable resistance” to the merger in the Atlas data, collected in the 1990s. The characteristic chain shift of the region, the Northern Cities Shift (NCS), involving the fronting of lot, the fronting and raising of trap, the lowering of thought, and other changes, was in progress in apparent time to the extent that it was one of Labov, Ash, and Boberg’s most prominent examples of North American dialect regions diverging from each other. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article-pdf/95/3/321/815823/0950321.pdf by SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV, ajd@post.harvard.edu on 07 August 2020 american speech 95.3 (2020) 322 In the years since the publication of Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006), however, it has become clear that the Inland North’s stable distinctiveness was short-lived. The backing of lot across all of Upstate New York, documented in Dinkin (2011), is both a retreat from the NCS and progress toward the low back merger. Driscoll and Lape (2015) find nearly all of the NCS features retreating in apparent time in Syracuse, New York; Milholland (2018) finds the same in Buffal","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"321-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43388381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
American SpeechPub Date : 2020-06-26DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8620511
Isaac L. Bleaman, D. Duncan
{"title":"The Gettysburg Corpus","authors":"Isaac L. Bleaman, D. Duncan","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8620511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8620511","url":null,"abstract":"Corpus studies of regional variation using raw language data from the internet focus predominantly on lexical variables in writing. However, online repositories such as YouTube offer the possibility of investigating regional differences using phonological variables, as well. This article demonstrates the viability of constructing a naturalistic speech corpus for sociophonetic research by analyzing hundreds of recitations of Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. We first replicate a known result of phonetic research, namely, that English vowels are longer in duration before voiced obstruents than before voiceless ones. We then compare /æ/-tensing in recitations from the Inland North and New York City dialect regions. Results indicate that there are significant regional differences in the formant trajectory of the vowel, even in identical phonetic environments (e.g., before nasal codas). This calls into question the uniformity of “/æ/-tensing” as a cross-dialectal phenomenon in American English. We contend that the analysis of spoken data from social media can and should supplement traditional methods in dialectology and variationist analysis to generate new hypotheses about socially conditioned speech patterns.","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44924139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
American SpeechPub Date : 2020-06-21DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8661833
Karlien Franco, Sali A. Tagliamonte
{"title":"Interesting Fellow or Tough Old Bird?","authors":"Karlien Franco, Sali A. Tagliamonte","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8661833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8661833","url":null,"abstract":"English has many words to refer to an adult man (e.g., man, guy, dude), and these are undergoing change in the Ontario dialects. This article analyzes the distribution of these and related forms using data collected in Ontario, Canada. In total, 6,788 tokens for 17 communities were extracted and analyzed with a comparative sociolinguistics methodology for social and geographic factors. The results demonstrate a substantive language change in progress with two striking patterns. First, male speakers in Ontario were the leaders of this change in the past. However, as guy gained prominence across the twentieth century, women started using it as frequently as men. Second, these developments are complicated by the complexity of the sociolinguistic landscape. There is a clear urban versus peripheral division across Ontario communities that also involves both population size and distance from the large urban center, Toronto. Further, social network type and other local influences are also important. In sum, variation in third-person singular male referents in Ontario dialects provides new insight into the co-occurrence and evolution of sociolinguistic factors in the process of language change.","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49319717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
American SpeechPub Date : 2020-06-21DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8662137
James Stanford
{"title":"A Modern Update on New England Dialectology: Introducing the Dartmouth New England English Database (DNEED)","authors":"James Stanford","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8662137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8662137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48857973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
American SpeechPub Date : 2020-06-21DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8620506
David Zullo, S. Pfenninger, D. Schreier
{"title":"A Pan-Atlantic “Multiple Modal Belt”?","authors":"David Zullo, S. Pfenninger, D. Schreier","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8620506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8620506","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple modality is spread across the wider Atlantic region, both within individual varieties and across variety types. Based on corpus-based evidence, it is argued that first and second tiers of multiple modals carry high diagnostic value and that regionally separated Anglophone areas differ in their preference for first-and second-tier components in modal constructions. Semantics is a typological diagnostic, as there exists a continuum, the “Multiple Modal Belt,” that consists of three main clusters of varieties primarily differentiated by their respective compositional preferences: North American varieties favor epistemic ‘weak probability’ elements (e.g., might) as first-tier modals; Caribbean varieties favor ‘high probability’ or ‘certainty’ (e.g., must). Multiple causation and contact-induced change are offered as explanations for supra-and subregional variation in the Atlantic region, and there is strong evidence that the preference for second-tier components originally represented Scottish origin and subsequent diffusion with locally differing contact scenarios. Locally distinct preferences for semantic compositionality—particularly based on preference for first-tier ‘high-probability’ modals—are used to model a geo-typological clustering of varieties throughout the wider Atlantic region.","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43067921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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