Critical Studies on Terrorism最新文献

{"title":"US drone strikes, securitization processes and practices: A case study of Pakistan","authors":"Alamgir Khan, C. Kaunert","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2179571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2179571","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the importance of inter-related securitisation processes on each other, most notably the impact of securitisation practices in one country on the securitisation processes in another. It analyses the impact of US drone strikes on the securitisation processes related to the militancy conducted by successive Pakistani governments in the aftermath of 9/11. The successful securitisation of the war on terror by the US allowed the latter to take extraordinary measures to eliminate terrorism, most notably through the use of drone strikes. However, these securitisation practices inhibited the securitisation of militancy inside Pakistan. While we understand successful securitisation processes, we understand much less about unsuccessful securitisation cases. This article analyses the use of drone strikes as securitisation practices by the US and their impact on the unsuccessful securitisation process of militancy in Pakistan after 9/11. The empirical contribution of this article is its focus on the case of Pakistan where more than 400 drone strikes took place, reportedly killing approximately 7000 people. The article demonstrates how the drone strikes in Pakistan turned the war on terror into an American war and made it difficult for the domestic audience in Pakistan to accept the securitisation moves of the security actors.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"6 1","pages":"287 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87737419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suspicious cities: An analysis of the securitisation of urban everyday life in London and Brussels","authors":"Natalie S. Pawlowski","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2176408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2176408","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article engages with the material-discursive ways in which urban everyday life in London and Brussels has transformed under the impression of (counter)terrorism and demonstrates how human and non-human bodies are entangled in this process. Following Barad’s understanding of posthumanist performativity, I conceptualise urban everyday life as an entanglement of intra-acting sites, objects, and people. My historiographic analysis of everyday life in London and Brussels shows how both metropoles have incrementally adopted a culture of pre-emptive security because more and more human and non-human bodies are increasingly assigned with material-discursive suspiciousness, while simultaneously more and more human and non-human bodies are charged with looking out for suspiciousness. As the notion of entanglement reveals how everyone and everything that intra-acts in urban everyday life is also to some extent accountable for its securitisation, my findings imply ultimately an ethical responsibility to counter the securitisation of everyday life in European metropoles which I argue constitutes a process of urban segregation.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"32 1","pages":"305 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83148432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saints and Soldiers: Inside Internet-Age Terrorism, from Syria to the Capitol Siege","authors":"S. Hagen","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2173863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2173863","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"104 1","pages":"419 - 421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87663094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twisted Words: Torture and Liberalism in Imperial Britain","authors":"Deana Heath","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2169983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2169983","url":null,"abstract":"events exactly as they will happen, but rather being able to visualise in the long term where terrorism may be going. In agreement with one of the key tenets of CTS and Blumenhau in Chapter 6, the importance of long-term studies in terrorism, not limited to the field of historiography, cannot be over-emphasised, even more so in the Anglosphere research scene, which tends to (unfairly) prize research aimed at fixing immediate symptoms, but not the issues dating back to the roots. In fact, Blumenhau’s Chapter 6, about how historians should not only take to heart the lessons of the past but should in fact be able to “predict the past” itself, is remarkably close to another of the tenets of CTS methodology, looking at past evidence with new perspectives. The cases discussed in this collection, and the debates which framed them, can teach one important, even if apparently obvious, lesson: complex issues that span decades cannot be fixed in a fortnight, despite the infatuation of policymakers with displaying immediate responsiveness to events. As I mentioned before, this collection’s original aim is to fill a lacuna in the discipline of historiography. However, its contents are useful to CTS, or indeed any, researcher dealing with terrorism. While it may not be explicitly stated as a goal, the collection does demystify and deconstruct some of the major discourses affecting the study of terrorism. In fact, I’d argue that is the most interesting part of the book, notwithstanding the specific case studies. The emphasis on semiotically charged concepts and definitions, which could almost be considered as elevating “terrorism” to the “concept-metaphor” status; retrospective analysis and prominence on interdisciplinarity resonate well with the idea that only a collective effort of scholarship can provide answers to “wicked issues” that affect humanity.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"2017 1","pages":"414 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86708702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problematizing Law, Rights and Childhood in Israel/Palestine","authors":"P. Stefanini","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2169984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2169984","url":null,"abstract":"citizenship” (69), while also exposing the hypocrisy of liberal Britain as a global civilising force. Chapter three draws upon the same sorts of materials examined in chapter two, and on a subject that, as in the case of torture in Madras, has received considerable scholarly attention, the 1865 Morant Bay Uprising in Jamaica, during which military forces tortured and killed British Afro-Jamaican subjects over the course of a month-long period of martial law. It concentrates, however, not on those tortured during the uprising, but on the under-studied perpetrators of such torture, and the role of torture in undermining their claims to liberal citizenship. The problem for the perpetrators of such violence, Anderson notes, was that “torture could foreclose the possibilities of citizenship rather than opening them up” (73). Twisted Words continues its important focus on perpetrators in chapters four and five, which explore what happens when civilian, rather than military, citizen-subjects take up the mantle of the state by attempting to assert, or reassert, their sovereignty through the use of torture – in chapter four, in the family home, and in five, in two settler colonial contexts (in Oceania and southern Africa). These chapters demonstrate how, in addition, understandings of torture expanded to include psychological violence as a form of “domestic terrorism” (15). Returning, again, to fiction, in chapter four Anderson examines works by writers such as George Meredith, George Eliot and Anthony Trollope to elucidate the ways in which unchecked sovereign power by husbands over their wives – who, like colonial subjects, were positioned uncertainly between subjecthood and citizenship – was critiqued by such writers as a danger not only to the bodily well-being and liberal subjectivity of husbands, but to the modern state as well. In chapter five, in contrast, Anderson examines works of fiction by authors such as Louis Becke, Bertram Mitford and W. C. Scully, which demonstrate the brutal reality of life under liberalism in settler colonies through portraying British men who enacted vigilante terrorism against indigenous subjects as rogue citizens of empire who “appropriate the state-of-emergency rhetorics originally invoked by the British state to sanction torture in reaction to perceived social crises” (16). Like the torturing husband, such men ultimately, therefore, served to draw attention to the nature of state terrorism, and in the process to undermine it. Such a function is served, in turn, by Anderson’s excellent book, which will prove of value to scholars in a wide range of disciplines.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"167 1","pages":"416 - 419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88376220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The challenge of establishing the impact of terrorist organisations: development of a database on ETA’s activities","authors":"Kathryn Loosemore, Matthew Johnson","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2170514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2170514","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents a new account of the size and scale of ETA’s activities. Highlighting a range of political considerations that shape existing records of impact, the article traces the deployment of a range of distinct methods of data collection and evidence verification in the creation of the most comprehensive database of ETA’s activities produced to date. The resulting database suggests that ETA’s impact is significantly greater than previously recognised, with a total of 1,047 attacks from 1959 to 2010. Within those attacks, 66 people were kidnapped (32 of whom were killed), 956 people were killed, there were 1949 injuries and 3 post-incident deaths via suicide and cancer that were attributed to trauma. Of the attacks, 503 were bombings, 456 were shootings and 66 were kidnappings. The remaining attacks used other forms of violence (Molotov cocktails, arson, electrocution or being thrown from moving vehicles). This comprehensive account suggests that previous records underestimate the total number of people killed by over 100, with injuries often not even recorded formally. As more murders are detected and attributed to ETA, the methods deployed within this new database will ensure that the impact continues to be tracked. Those methods enable scholars of terrorism to track the impact of organisations more broadly. As such, this article serves as a means of fostering real discussion on methods more broadly, particularly in terms of criteria adopted for a range of political reasons.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"7 1","pages":"396 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74953318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial control under the guise of terror threat: policing of US Muslim, Arab, and SWANA communities","authors":"Louis A. Cainkar","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2166194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2166194","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using an analysis of U.S. government policies that have had high impacts on the personal safety and freedom of movement and expression of Arabs, Muslims, and others of Southwest Asian and North African (SWANA) origins living in or seeking to migrate to the US, this article argues that these policies mirror in significant ways a range of policies used currently and historically to police and control Black and brown bodies. Specifically, the article addresses three tactics shared across such policies: pre-emption, containment, and collective responsibility, and demonstrates how they are manifested in specific anti-terrorism and national security policies aimed at Arabs, Muslims, and others of SWANA origins, including Operation Boulder, the War on Terror, Special Registration, Countering Violent Extremism, and the Muslim Ban. The article also examines the outcomes of these policies in terms of actual convictions on terrorism charges (i.e. identifying terrorists) and finds limited results. It concludes that the alleged Muslim/Arab/SWANA domestic terror threat is in large part a social construction of the state. Finally, it argues that while US anti-terror policies are examined by most scholars outside of the lens of race, there is little reason to view them as exceptions to people of colour policing regimes.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"40 1","pages":"152 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76997798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blackness after 9/11: topographies of race and counter-terror at the 9/11 memorial museum","authors":"Jacque Micieli-Voutsinas","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2022.2150358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2022.2150358","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT More than a decade after the murder of Trayvon Martin and the creation of the Black Lives Matter protest movement, extrajudicial killings have become all too commonplace in the post-9/11 landscape, mirroring two decades of racialised surveillance against Arab and Muslim populations in the name of counter-terrorism. This paper maps Blackness’ proximity to the U.S. nation-state amidst the emergence of 9/11 memory and the post-9/11 counter-terrorism imaginary. Paramount to the longest war in US history (2001–2021), for example, Black patriotism is a powerful product and purveyor of the military industrial complex’s Global War on Terror. Yet while Black heroism and sacrifice are deeply encoded within the post-9/11 imaginary at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center, the Global War on Terrorism has ushered in the re-racialisation of both Brown and Black communities, as well as the fantasy of a “post-racial” nation now firmly in ruin in the age of Trumpism and the alt-right. Analysing key artefacts and narrative scripts within the 9/11 Memorial & Museum, I argue that 9/11 memory and the Global War on Terrorism work in tandem to reproduce new/old geographies of “terror” and “threat”, investigating how Blackness has always been central to the racialised logics of counter-terrorism and state surveillance.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"13 1","pages":"215 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87757259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cultural construction of sympathiser social identities in the Islamic state’s virtual ecosystem: an analysis of the politics of naming","authors":"M. Maarouf","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2022.2161155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2022.2161155","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study explores the politics of naming in the Islamic state (IS) media networks, looking into how sympathisers’ (munāsir-s) virtual identities are socially constructed online. Naming is a discursive practice which is purely ideological in that when sympathisers name themselves online, they re-imagine their roles and the boundaries of their national belonging alongside cultural representations of the organisation. By naming, they reify IS cultural heritage which is recontextualised from the historical legacy of the Prophet and Islamic Conquest. By naming, they also amplify IS hegemonic cultural frames and master narratives. In this sense, naming oneself in the IS virtual ecosystem is a significant rhetorical strategy that may fulfil at least one of the three main cultural functions. Names may (1) imitate historical role models, (2) reconstruct the sense of belonging to homophilic communities (brothers of the same faith) beyond ethno-racial geographies, and/or (3) convey a politically religionist bias in constructing the self vs. the other. The politics of naming is an online social learning process in which collective intelligence instructs sympathisers on how to create accounts with innovative iconic/connotative identifying aliases. In IS social ecology, naming may stand for a ritual call to adventure, the destination of which is already recognised. Sympathisers are interpellated as jihadi subjects to cross the threshold of their ordinary world and embark on a virtual journey to media jihad – hence, their recognition of their new subject positions in support groups and the potential manufacturing of their loyalty and disavowal (al-walā’ wa l-barā’).","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"655 1","pages":"98 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77677414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A framing-sensitive approach to militant groups’ tactics: the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine and the radicalisation of violence during the Second Intifada","authors":"Antonella Acinapura","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2166656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2166656","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine’s (PIJ) framing to explain the radicalisation and short-term tactical variations of its violent repertoires of action during the Second Intifada. By adopting a framing-sensitive approach, the analysis reveals that PIJ actions should be approached as relational performances that communicated a symbolic message to different audiences, beyond their immediate targets. This, in turn, solves some of the puzzles regarding the mixed effects of repression on political violence. Furthermore, by analysing PIJ through the lens of social movement theory, the article contributes to de-orientalise the academic knowledge on this group by highlighting the context-dependent character of its mobilisation strategies against Israel.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"14 1","pages":"123 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90132618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}