Critical Studies on Terrorism最新文献

{"title":"Is a use of force appropriate? Clashing memories of the Budennovsk hostage crisis (1995)","authors":"Cécile Druey","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2221550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2221550","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The hostage-taking by Chechen combatants in the Russian town of Budennovsk (1995) marked a turning point in the first Chechnya War (1994–96) and has left deep marks on the consciousness of Russians and Chechens representatives and civil society. It is referred to in Russian accounts as the first large-scale terrorist attack by Chechen groups in Russia. Based on today’s memories of “Budennovsk”, collected from open source materials, this article deconstructs and contextualises the conflicting narratives of the key actors involved. The analysis of the memories reveals the clashing attitudes regarding the legitimacy or condemnation of the use of force, and evaluates their significance in the political context of contemporary Russia. In a next step, this should allow to draw conclusions about the conceptual connection between memory, narrative and conflict.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"50 1","pages":"501 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72797912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public inquiries on counterterrorism: New Zealand’s experience","authors":"D. Rogers, Nicholas Nelson, J. Battersby","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2221551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2221551","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the aftermath of major terrorist attacks, governments create public inquiries to establish the facts of the matter, expose those facts to public scrutiny, find fault, allocate blame, ensure accountability, and restore public confidence. Yet few studies pay close attention to these responses as a practice of remedial intervention into official counterterrorism efforts. Based on our examination of New Zealand’s Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Terrorist Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019, we argue that two contending approaches to national security shaped the inquiry’s design and informed its conduct. On the one hand, an established whole-of-government approach produced design features that led the inquiry to reproduce the orthodox logic of security professionals and entrench existing security policy and practices. On the other hand, a revisionist approach sought to use the inquiry as a means of furthering the Government’s social cohesion policy agenda and to strengthen democratic protections for minority groups. However, the implementation of the inquiry’s recommendations reveals a deep commitment to the whole-of-government approach to national security, which appears to co-opt civil society representatives and marginalise dissenting voices. This, in our view, leaves New Zealand society little better off when it comes to understanding the nature and scale of the threat posed by terrorism or responding to a diverse array of other security challenges.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"22 1","pages":"452 - 474"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75892471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From flowers to far-right extremists: A genealogy of ecology in terrorism and extremism studies","authors":"Jade Hutchinson","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2218156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2218156","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The idea that violent extremists inhabit an “ecosystem” of interrelated online spaces has been popularised by both scholars and practitioners in recent years. Drawing from the natural sciences, terrorism and extremism studies has sought to capitalise on the conceptual potential of ecology to understand otherwise perplexing natural and artificial environments. Yet, despite its popularisation, there remain fundamental gaps in understanding the benefits and limits of using ecology to analyse extremist communities dwelling in cyberspace. To be applied in a rigorous manner, it is essential that the intellectual tradition and tenets that underpin ecology in the natural and social sciences be explained. Since its conception in biology, this article presents a historical and conceptual exploration of ecology to explain the lessons, opportunities, and limits it presents scholars and practitioners in terrorism and extremism studies today. This article provides the first systematic, genealogical overview of how ecology has evolved from the study of plant communities to become relevant in far-right extremism studies. This article provides foundational knowledge and lessons for moving disciplinary research and policy work forward, and offers guidance on how future studies can use ecology in a more rigorous and consistent manner.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"427 - 451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90759386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mediatised terrorism: East-West narratives of risk","authors":"Eamon Murphy","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2213960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2213960","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"360 1","pages":"577 - 578"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80233687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nixon’s War at Home: The FBI, Leftist Guerrillas, and the Origins of Counterterrorism","authors":"Brian Mullgardt","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2213961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2213961","url":null,"abstract":"tion. Complicating the Pakistani situation is the military’s prominent role in politics and government and its ambiguous relationship with terrorist organisations: fighting those who are its enemies and supporting those it uses to promote its own political agenda. Mediatised Terrorism itemises the many factors that have contributed to the media’s distorted coverage of terrorism. These include the need to dumb down highly complex issues into easily digestible narratives; the fact that most journalists do not have the time or resources to properly investigate what appear to be acts of terrorism and are forced to rely heavily on government sources; and the need to sensationalise stories to attract readers and please corporate media owners. In addition, in Pakistan investigative journalists face the very real threat of violence. Ali concludes that while it is impossible to prevent all terrorist attacks, we should not play into the hands of terrorists by overreacting because of paranoia and calls for the media to take a more responsible and balanced approach to reporting. Ali’s in-depth analysis, which requires careful reading, makes an important contribution to our understanding of the widespread inaccurate reporting of terrorism.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"46 3 1","pages":"578 - 579"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83135246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islam, media framing and Islamophobia in the US press, before and after the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack","authors":"Malia Nora Politzer, A. Alcaraz","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2207164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2207164","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT On 7 January 2015, brothers Said and Cherif Kouachi, armed with Kalashnikovs, entered the headquarters of the Paris-based satirical magazine, Charlie Hebdo, and opened fire, killing 12 people and injuring 11 more. It would later emerge that the brothers – both native Frenchmen born to Algerian parents – belonged to the Islamist terrorist group, al Qaeda. The attack, which targeted a Western magazine, attracted tremendous international news coverage, provoking a widespread debate over issues relating to free speech, immigration (even though both attackers were born in France) and integration. There has been less discussion of the news framing of the attack by Western media outlets, and to what degree that news framing may have been biased or Islamophobic. In this study, it is our goal to understand how media framing may have been affected by this attack, and to what degree such framing is Islamophobic. To that end, we have operationalised the Runnymede framework of Islamophobia using the content analysis software Nvivo, in order to identify and better understand manifestations of Islamophobia in the mainstream press. Specifically, we analyse the news framing of Islam in the headlines of two US daily newspapers, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"69 1","pages":"351 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73231095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A world turned upside down: reinforcing the symbolic order after the Vienna terrorist attack","authors":"S. Pfister","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2207271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2207271","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Terrorist attacks do not just cause devastation and casualties, but also constitute a symbolic battlefield. Drawing on Bourdieu’s field analytical framework, this article suggests that a terrorist attack puts pressure on the symbolic underpinnings of the established social order. It irritates the taken-for-granted reality, and through the use of violence, brings a competing possible into the universe of discourse. Therefore, the counterterrorist response has a twofold reality. It serves not only to restore physical safety, but also to release symbolic pressure and thus, reinforce the symbolic underpinnings of the social order. Using the example of press conferences in the aftermath of the Vienna terrorist attack in 2020, this article examines the discursive moves through which state actors strive to release symbolic pressure imposed by the attack. Thus, the article lays bare the symbolic dimension of counterterrorism and contributes to its more nuanced understanding.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"30 4 1","pages":"370 - 395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88406906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review of Waves of Global Terrorism: From 1879 to the Present","authors":"João Raphael da Silva","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2187839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2187839","url":null,"abstract":"In The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism (Rapoport 2004), David C. Rapoport theorised that modern terrorism can be historically seen and understood through the Anarchist (1st/1879–1920s), Anticolonial (2nd/1919–1960s), New Left (3rd/1960s-1990s) and Religious (4th/1979–2020s?) Waves. Ideologically similar, the organisations within each Wave also share characteristics, such as signature tactics, weaponry, and targets. The energy driving them spreads globally and tends to last one generation. Since the Rapoportian Wave Theory was launched, its explanatory power has been widely debated; sometimes challenged, but usually tested, corroborated and applied to uncover overlooked Waves (da Silva 2020). Unsurprisingly, the 2011 Oslo and Utøya Attacks (Norway), the 2019 Christchurch Mosque Shooting (New Zealand), and the 2019 El Paso Shooting (U.S.) made Terrorism Studies scholars wonder whether these were shaping a Far-Right (5th) Wave. In the 448-page Waves of Global Terrorism: From 1879 to the Present, David C. Rapoport re-explores his longstanding scholarship to shed light on this heated debate. Definitionally, Rapoport understands terrorism as “[. . .] violence employed for a religious or political objective and is not limited by the accepted moral norms that limit violence” (03). In Chapter 1, a lengthy discussion on pre-1879, non-Wave Abrahamic (e.g., Jewish Sicarii and Zealots, Islamic Assassins, and Christian Crusaders) and secular (e.g., the Ku Klux Klan and Sons of Liberty) terrorism makes it appear that the book’s title does not truly translate its content. Yet, it serves to remind us that not only Islam but also Judaism and Christianity have been used to encourage terrorism, but that the West only attributes positive connotations to the latter. Rapoport proceeds by brilliantly combining a chronological and thematic structure. The theorist expands on the Anarchist (Chapter 2) and Anticolonial (Chapter 3) Waves, and updates the New Left (Chapter 4) Wave by discussing the peace agreement between Colombia’s Government and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. Furthermore, he extensively elaborates on how the 2011 Arab Spring contributed to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant’s emergence and growth, thus, boosting the Religious Wave (Chapter 5), a chapter that takes the spotlight until the novel discussion on a Far-Right Wave (Chapter 6). Previously, Rapoport (2004, 61) had argued that “[. . .] three events in the Islamic world [. . .]” sparked the Religious Wave: “In 1979, the Iranian Revolution occurred, a new Islamic century began, and the Soviets made an unprovoked invasion of Afghanistan.” Now, he adds the IsraelEgypt Peace Treaty (1979) as “[. . .] the second crucial event [. . .]” (218). However, he does not explain why it was not originally appraised. Confusingly, Rapoport argues that “[. . .] it was not until the third decade of the wave that Islamic groups began targeting Western states like the United States, France, the Unit","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"10 1","pages":"424 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86484786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who’s afraid of the vulnerable terrorist? Framing violent jihadists’ life and intimate relationships","authors":"Aube Tollu","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2188680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2188680","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article looks at a sample of academic articles in the field of terrorism studies and international relations to explore the ways in which marriage, sexual activity and close relationships in jihadist groups are framed, imagined and investigated. Despite the scarcity of research being conducted on the subject, this article reveals that, in the study of terrorism, the issue of intimate relationships is the object of two trends: on the one hand, the themes of sexuality and marriage are in fact present in the field, only exclusively through the lens of sexual victimisation, violence, abuse and romantic manipulation. On the other hand, intimate relationships are often dismissed as not being worthy of in-depth investigation when not related to violence. Together, these two interdependent trends create, using the words of Butler, a “silent and melancholic discourse”, which downplays the subjectivity, banality, and vulnerability of the life experiences of subjects involved in jihadist groups. Using the learnings of queer scholarship, the article posits that the ways in which the intimate life of individuals involved in jihadist movements are portrayed and ascribed a perverted characteristic matter in how vulnerability is distributed and how the subjects are apprehended in academia and beyond.","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"2 1","pages":"328 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79836226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book review of From the fires of war: Ukraine’s Azov movement and the global far right","authors":"Anastassiya Mahon","doi":"10.1080/17539153.2023.2187838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2187838","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46483,"journal":{"name":"Critical Studies on Terrorism","volume":"21 1","pages":"421 - 423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73906620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}