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Late Postclassic Lowland Maya politico-ritual architecture: Temple assemblages and Zacpeten 后古典晚期低地玛雅政治-文化建筑：神庙组合和扎克佩腾
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536124000099
Prudence M. Rice, Don S. Rice, Timothy W. Pugh
{"title":"Late Postclassic Lowland Maya politico-ritual architecture: Temple assemblages and Zacpeten","authors":"Prudence M. Rice, Don S. Rice, Timothy W. Pugh","doi":"10.1017/s0956536124000099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536124000099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Late Postclassic lowland Maya civic-ceremonial masonry architecture appears in two main configurations—temple assemblages and basic ceremonial groups—first identified at Mayapan. Around the Peten lakes, these two architectural complexes have been tied to northern immigrant Kowojs and Itzas, respectively, and their distributions map the varying control over the lakes by these two ethnopolities. Temple assemblages exhibit considerable variation in their structural components and arrangements throughout the lowlands, but they have not been studied comparatively. Here, we examine 14 temple assemblages at 12 lowland sites. We consider one of the two assemblages at Zacpeten (Sak Peten), Group A, to have been built by Kowojs, who asserted their identity and earlier (Late/Terminal Classic) ties to the site by reusing carved monuments. “Blended” assemblage Group C is more difficult to parse, but reflects cosmo-calendrical principles of statecraft and the builders’ and users’ broader ties to Mayapan and Topoxte.</p>","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hats and titles: Maya courtier dress and hierarchy in the late Classic Maya court 帽子和头衔：玛雅朝臣的服饰和玛雅古典晚期宫廷的等级制度
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536124000075
Charles D. Cheek
{"title":"Hats and titles: Maya courtier dress and hierarchy in the late Classic Maya court","authors":"Charles D. Cheek","doi":"10.1017/s0956536124000075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536124000075","url":null,"abstract":"The Maya used dress to help them structure social interaction. Taking a behavioral chain and practice approach, I define dress elements of male courtiers and how they were combined into outfits during the daily practices of dressing and attending court. I identify two groups of headgear, Standard and Special, among courtiers on vases showing historical interaction among humans. Each vase is considered commemorative and must communicate to an audience. I identified six Standard hat types that were widespread in the Maya Lowlands. The distribution implies a basic set of recognizable roles that provided the political-religious structure of the typical Maya court, perhaps as early as the Late Preclassic period. Four of the hat types are connected to glyphic titles. Each titleholder's position in the vase's visual space implies a hierarchy of roles. The results support my hypothesis that dress does identify social roles in the Maya court.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mesoamerican mantic names as an etymological source of Mixtec vocabulary 作为米斯特克语词汇词源的中美洲antic名称
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536124000026
Michael W. Swanton
{"title":"Mesoamerican mantic names as an etymological source of Mixtec vocabulary","authors":"Michael W. Swanton","doi":"10.1017/s0956536124000026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536124000026","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the word histories of 12 nouns (eight zoonyms, two other lifeform names, and two toponyms) in Mixtec, a shallow or emergent language family of Mesoamerica. It argues that these nouns—now morphologically opaque—are fused compounds that arose from the Mixtec vocabulary of the mantic count of 260 days, a temporal organization that was part of the common cultural heritage of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican peoples. With the European colonization and persecution of Mesoamerican religious practices, the use of the mantic count was abandoned. It was at this time that the compounds would have been demotivated; that is, the internal morphological structure would have become inaccessible to speakers who could no longer relate it to the mantic cycle. This then enriched the lexicon, creating etymological pairs for the same, or similar, referents. It is suggested that the survival of the eight zoonyms may have to do with their use in the context of omens.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The stuff of currency: Changing styles and uses of ear ornaments at Tikal 货币：蒂卡尔耳饰风格和用途的变化
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536124000063
Morgan Clark
{"title":"The stuff of currency: Changing styles and uses of ear ornaments at Tikal","authors":"Morgan Clark","doi":"10.1017/s0956536124000063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536124000063","url":null,"abstract":"This article revisits ear ornament data from Tikal—both material and visual—to better understand the varied roles of ear ornamentation in ancient Maya society over time. The author discusses relevant terms and terminology, then emphasizes the social aspects of ear piercing and stretching as well as the place of ear ornaments in economic exchange. Ear ornamentation was a critical aspect of socialization for ancestral Mayas, but the extent of this practice was classed. Whereas the styles of nonelite ear ornaments were more resistant to change over time, the jade earflares of elites became more standardized in form while growing in complexity. With this standardization, jade earflares achieved a status close to currency, not just to be coveted or collected but also to be displayed on the body to the fullest extent possible. However, like many currencies, jade earflares were more complex than simple tokens of exchange. The symbolic dimensions that gave these objects meaning and economic value were integral to their power.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Residential size and volume differentiation across urban zones at El Perú-Waka', Peten, Guatemala 危地马拉佩滕 El Perú-Waka'各城区的住宅面积和容积差异
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536123000056
Damien B. Marken
{"title":"Residential size and volume differentiation across urban zones at El Perú-Waka', Peten, Guatemala","authors":"Damien B. Marken","doi":"10.1017/s0956536123000056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536123000056","url":null,"abstract":"Located at the western edge of the Classic Maya heartland, El Peru-Waka' was one of the most densely aggregated urban cores in the Lowlands. With households packed next to each other, it can be difficult to define where one ends and another begins. Nevertheless, survey and excavation data suggest that differences in household provisioning and generational cycling created considerable variation in household wealth across the city. This paper employs household area (m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) and volume (m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>) to calculate Gini coefficients for the El Peru-Waka' urban core and immediate hinterlands to quantify household differentiation across the urban landscape. Comparison of the coefficients for the total study area with those for individual urban zones (core, periurban, hinterland) demonstrate that while El Perú-Waka' exhibits high overall household differentiation, this differentiation is considerably muted within a given urban zone. This demonstrates the impact of settlement location on differences in household size and architectural investment.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gini coefficient at La Corona: The impacts of variation in analytical unit and aggregation scale 拉科罗纳的基尼系数：分析单位和汇总规模差异的影响
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536123000111
Marcello A. Canuto, Luke Auld-Thomas, Hiroaki Yagi, Tomás Barrientos Q.
{"title":"Gini coefficient at La Corona: The impacts of variation in analytical unit and aggregation scale","authors":"Marcello A. Canuto, Luke Auld-Thomas, Hiroaki Yagi, Tomás Barrientos Q.","doi":"10.1017/s0956536123000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536123000111","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of inequality, like many other analytical phenomena, are affected by the definition of analytical units (for example, buildings or residential groups) and the spatial unit within which those units are aggregated (for example, sites or polities). We begin by considering the impact of secondary or seasonal residences on the calculation of Gini scores when dealing with regional-scale settlement data, which is a common consideration in regional-scale population estimates. We then use LiDAR-derived settlement data from northwestern Guatemala to calculate Gini coefficients for two ancient Maya sites: Late Classic La Corona and Late Preclassic Achiotal. We investigate how the scale of the spatial unit of aggregation affects our interpretations of inequality using various architecture-based indices. Finally, we provide some preliminary interpretations for the differences calculated between these two centers.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inequality on the southwest Maya frontier: House size variations in three polities of the Rosario Valley, Chiapas 玛雅西南边疆的不平等：恰帕斯州罗萨里奥河谷三个政体的房屋规模变化
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536123000202
Kyle Shaw-Müller, John P. Walden
{"title":"Inequality on the southwest Maya frontier: House size variations in three polities of the Rosario Valley, Chiapas","authors":"Kyle Shaw-Müller, John P. Walden","doi":"10.1017/s0956536123000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536123000202","url":null,"abstract":"Being a form of labor investment, house size is frequently analyzed as an index of socioeconomic inequality. However, datasets that lack wide-ranging residential stratigraphic information are not reliable sources of labor investment estimates. This is the case for Late Classic domestic architecture data from three polities in the Rosario Valley (modern-day Chiapas) on the southwest Maya frontier: Rosario, Ojo de Agua, and Los Encuentros. Although the sample's house size inequality generally cannot index period-specific labor investment, it may signify prestige differentiation. For each polity we generated Lorenz curves and calculated Gini coefficients for five variables representing house size (area and volume). Results resemble inequality data from lowland Classic Maya centers. We also demonstrate that the smallest, shortest-lived polity had more equal house size values, likely due to the modesty of its apical elite architecture. In contrast, the two larger, older polities were more unequal because they had substantial palaces.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Patterns of residential differentiation and labor control at Baking Pot and Lower Dover in the Belize River Valley 伯利兹河谷烘烤锅和下多佛的居住分化和劳动力控制模式
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1017/s095653612300007x
John P. Walden, Julie A. Hoggarth, Claire E. Ebert, Kyle Shaw-Müller, Weiyu Ran, Yijia Qiu, Olivia P. Ellis, Brett Meyer, Michael Biggie, Tia B. Watkins, Rafael A. Guerra, Jaime J. Awe
{"title":"Patterns of residential differentiation and labor control at Baking Pot and Lower Dover in the Belize River Valley","authors":"John P. Walden, Julie A. Hoggarth, Claire E. Ebert, Kyle Shaw-Müller, Weiyu Ran, Yijia Qiu, Olivia P. Ellis, Brett Meyer, Michael Biggie, Tia B. Watkins, Rafael A. Guerra, Jaime J. Awe","doi":"10.1017/s095653612300007x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s095653612300007x","url":null,"abstract":"The Classic Maya polities of Baking Pot and Lower Dover developed along two dramatically different trajectories. At Baking Pot, the capital and associated apical elite regime grew concomitantly with surrounding populations over a thousand-year period. The smaller polity of Lower Dover, in contrast, formed when a Late Classic political center was established by an emergent apical elite regime amidst several long-established intermediate elite-headed districts. The different trajectories through which these polities formed should have clear implications for residential size variability. We employ the Gini coefficient to measure variability in household volume to compare patterns of residential size differentiation between the two polities. The Gini coefficients, while similar, suggest greater differentiation in residential size at Baking Pot than at Lower Dover, likely related to the centralized control of labor by the ruling elite at Baking Pot. While the Gini coefficient is synonymous with measuring wealth inequalities, we suggest that in the Classic period Belize River Valley, residential size was more reflective of labor control.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring inequality: The effect of units of analysis on the Gini coefficient 衡量不平等：分析单位对基尼系数的影响
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0956536123000135
Amy E. Thompson, Adrian S.Z. Chase, Gary M. Feinman
{"title":"Measuring inequality: The effect of units of analysis on the Gini coefficient","authors":"Amy E. Thompson, Adrian S.Z. Chase, Gary M. Feinman","doi":"10.1017/s0956536123000135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536123000135","url":null,"abstract":"To variable degrees, inequality is present in all human societies, but how archaeologists measure inequality varies greatly. In recent research, we used the same unit of analysis, house size, to evaluate residential wealth inequality among the Classic (<jats:sc>a.d.</jats:sc> 250/300–800) Maya of southern Belize. Using a Gini coefficient, we found that even in this peripheral region, high degrees of inequality were present. However, nuances in inequality metrics vary based on the <jats:italic>analytical parameters</jats:italic> or units of measurement (area versus volume) and the <jats:italic>unit of analysis</jats:italic> (individual residential structures, all structures within a household group, or the entire household group, including the built environment). Generally, Gini coefficients calculated from volume are greater than those from area, and the unit of analysis affects the Gini coefficient and, thus, our interpretations of the degree of inequality present. We discuss the impact of the unit of analysis for house sizes, and how it affects our interpretations of residential wealth inequality in the past in conjunction with previous archaeological research. The findings are instrumental for comparative analyses of wealth inequality through the study of house size variation in ancient and modern societies, highlighting the value of clear definitions of the unit of analysis.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding and calculating household size, wealth, and inequality in the Maya Lowlands 了解和计算玛雅低地的家庭规模、财富和不平等现象
IF 0.7 3区 历史学
Ancient Mesoamerica Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1017/s095653612300024x
Adrian S.Z. Chase, Amy E. Thompson, John P. Walden, Gary M. Feinman
{"title":"Understanding and calculating household size, wealth, and inequality in the Maya Lowlands","authors":"Adrian S.Z. Chase, Amy E. Thompson, John P. Walden, Gary M. Feinman","doi":"10.1017/s095653612300024x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s095653612300024x","url":null,"abstract":"Inequality is present in all human societies, but building a robust understanding of how that inequality developed and persisted for centuries requires historical and archaeological data. Identifying the degree of inequality (or disparity) in ancient communities can be addressed through a variety of methods. One method becoming standard practice in archaeology evaluates inequality through quantitative analysis of robust settlement data. In this Compact Special Section, we assess household size as a potential reflection of wealth inequality among Classic period (<jats:sc>a.d.</jats:sc> 250–900) Maya settlements. First, we generate house-size data from both pedestrian and remotely sensed LiDAR surveys. Then we use those data to calculate Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves, which provide measures of variation. Gini coefficients range from 0 to 1, where 0 reflects perfect equality and 1 indicates perfect inequality, regardless of the actual values in the distribution. Both area (m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) and volume (m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>) provide different, complementary metrics to investigate residential size as a metric for wealth inequality among Classic Maya Lowland settlements. Proposed mechanisms that generate inequality include the intergenerational transmission of wealth and differential access to resources; however, addressing these and other pathways for how inequality develops and persists, and how it was maintained in the past provides insight into similar processes of systemic inequality worldwide.","PeriodicalId":46480,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Mesoamerica","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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