CLASSICAL WORLD最新文献

{"title":"Farms, Feces, and Food Safety in Roman Italy","authors":"Smaranda Andrews, David Hollander, Rachel Meyers","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a928925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a928925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines a crucial and underexplored topic at the intersection of Roman foodways, agriculture, and health by considering the situation on the Roman farm where the extensive use of manure as well as other practices posed serious dangers to food safety. Manure was central to Roman agriculture, and a growing body of evidence for widespread instances of foodborne illnesses can be linked to manuring. We bring together literary and archaeological evidence with contemporary food science and agricultural research to consider the ramifications for the health, food supply, and economy of the Roman people.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141152097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Penny for His Thoughts? Socrates \"the Sophist\" and the Problem of Payment in the Clouds","authors":"D. David Williams","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a928923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a928923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, I argue against the prevailing view that Aristophanes in the <i>Clouds</i> characterizes Socrates as a “sophistic” teacher-for-pay. To do so, I reexamine the play’s five potential references to teaching payments—Strepsiades’ description of the Thinkery (98–99), his offer of a wage (245–249), the Clouds’ exhortation to Socrates (804–812), a joke about Hyperbolus (874–876), and the “honor” that Socrates receives from Strepsiades (1146–1147)—within the framework of Aristophanes’ comic technique. I demonstrate that Aristophanes, particularly in the sections of the play most significant for the characterization of Socrates (126–509 and 627–803), portrays Socrates not as a venal teacher looking to take advantage of his students but as an impractical intellectual who has no concern for money.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141152033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Wise \"Barbarians\" in the Hellenistic Era","authors":"Philip A. Harland","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a919924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a919924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The overriding sense of civilizational superiority among Greeks was encapsulated most potently in the concept of the “barbarian,” an uneducated foreigner who could do nothing more than babble nonsense, let alone contribute to civilization. The strong distinction between Greeks and barbarians was not always perfectly dichotomous, however, as seen in the wise barbarian theme that scholarship has long tracked, particularly in connection with ethnographic works and, in the Roman era, philosophical and religious debates. Taking a decolonizing approach that also moves beyond the problematic modern categories of “philosophy” and “religion,” this article explores the wise barbarian as part of a more widespread set of ethnic discourses in the period after Herodotus (ca. 420 bce) and before Poseidonios of Apameia (ca. 50 bce). I argue that these discourses were employed not only among Greeks such as Ephoros of Kyme (ca. 350 bce), but also among subject peoples themselves, as in Bel-re’ushu (Berossos) of Babylon (ca. 300 bce), long before the Stoic Poseidonios developed his theory of primitive wisdom in the first century bce. These multivalent discourses provide important insights into ethnic relations in and around the Hellenistic era as those belonging to both hegemonic and conquered populations engaged in different strategies in order to navigate their places within an expanding world.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus by Arum Park (review)","authors":"Georgios Spiliotopoulos","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a919927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a919927","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus</em> by Arum Park <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Georgios Spiliotopoulos </li> </ul> Arum Park. <em>Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus</em>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2023. Pp. xi, 241. $70.00. ISBN 978-0-472-13342-0. <p><em>Publishers are invited to submit new books to be reviewed to Professor Lawrence Kowerski, Classical Studies Program, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065; email: lawrence.kowerski@hunter.cuny.edu</em>.</p> <p>Arum Park’s book provides an insightful comparison of Pindar and Aeschylus through the lens of reciprocity, truth, and gender. The inherent broadness of these terms poses an <em>a priori</em> challenge to the author. The study is also complicated by its focus on two poets with fundamentally different poetic forms. Park not only acknowledges and tackles these challenges effectively from the beginning but offers much more: a comparative approach to these notions, which leads to a better understanding of their complexity and highlights the complementarity of Pindar and Aeschylus.</p> <p>The book is characterized by its symmetry: the first three chapters deal with the works of Pindar, and the last three deal with Aeschylus. In the opening chapter, Park delves into the theme of reciprocity and notes that both poets view truth, <em>aletheia</em>, as a reflection of reciprocal relationships. Pindar personifies truth as <em>Alatheia</em>, a deity tied to guest-host obligations; Aeschylus focuses on revenge as a reciprocal act. The language and rhetoric of both poets, especially their use of parallelism and repetition, accentuate reciprocity.</p> <p>In the second chapter, Park explores reciprocity and truth in Pindar’s epinicians. Pindar balances mythological references with the theme of truth to establish a symbiotic bond between poet and patron. Truth and praise are depicted as mutually reinforcing with myths illustrating both their harmonious and conflicting aspects. In <em>Nemean</em> 7, celebrating Sogenes’ victory, he emphasizes that truthful representation depends on reciprocal poet-patron relations and critiques Homer for misalignment between poetic portrayal and reality.</p> <p>Chapter 3 considers the negative stereotypes of women in epinician poetry by examining their influence on reciprocal relationships. Pindar frequently portrays women, like the Hera-cloud in <em>Pythian</em> 2 and Coronis in <em>Pythian</em> 3, as deceptive. These women embody seduction and deception and, thus, underscore the risks to reciprocity and the poetic balance between truth and persuasion. Contrarily, male figures like Aegisthus and Jason are not portrayed as deceptive.</p> <p>The subsequent three chapters turn to Aeschylus. Chapter 4 examines the role of gender in Aeschylean tragedy throu","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Doctors in Tacitus' Annals: A Case of Ethnic Prejudice","authors":"Konstantinos Arampapaslis","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a919925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a919925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper discusses the portrayals of physicians in the <i>Annals</i>, and argues that they reveal Tacitus’ underlying ethnic prejudice against Greeks. The passages narrating the actions of Eudemus, Charicles, and Xenophon show that the historian portrays them negatively by underscoring their cunningness and involvement, direct or indirect, in the death of an emperor or heir. The pattern at work points to a deeply rooted hostility against them not as medical professionals, but as Greeks. This is further corroborated through the contrast with the non-Greek doctor, Annaeus Statius, and through the comparison with the professional poisoner treated in the <i>Annals</i>, Locusta.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching the Oresteia with Minority Report","authors":"Elena Dugan","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a919926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a919926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article demonstrates a series of uncanny parallels between the <i>Oresteia</i> and the 2002 film <i>Minority Report</i>, and their import for our understanding of tragedy and film alike. I explore <i>Minority Report</i>’s Agatha as a modern Cassandra (as has been covered in some literature before), and extend the analogy to pair John Anderton and Orestes, Lamar Burgess and Apollo, and Spielberg’s Washington, DC and Aeschylus’ Athens. I encourage every classicist who teaches the <i>Oresteia</i> to assign their students <i>Minority Report</i>, and to think about this film, and science-fiction more generally, as a new frontier in classical reception studies.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xenophon's Cyrus in Paradise: Hunting and the Art of War in Antiquity","authors":"Dustin Gish","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a919923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a919923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xenophon’s portrait of the education of Cyrus the Great in his <i>Cyropaedia</i> depicts a youth with an erotic desire for hunting, which in the ancient world trained men in the art of war. But Cyrus learned quickly from going on hunts in the royal parks or “paradises” of his grandfather, the King of Media, that the luxurious mode of hunting game in parks could not match the thrill of hunting animals in the wild. Moreover, hunting in paradise was a temptation to be avoided, because it failed to educate one in that kind of virtue which (as Machiavelli later argued) alone prepares a prince to conquer and, as in the case of Cyrus, become the founder of an empire.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Oxford Latin Syntax. Volume II: The Complex Sentence and Discourse by Harm Pinkster (review)","authors":"Andrew R. Dyck","doi":"10.1353/clw.2024.a919928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a919928","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Oxford Latin Syntax. Volume II: The Complex Sentence and Discourse</em> by Harm Pinkster <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Andrew R. Dyck </li> </ul> Harm Pinkster. <em>The Oxford Latin Syntax<span>. Volume II:</span> The Complex Sentence and Discourse</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. xxxii, 1,438. $190.00. ISBN 9-780199-230563. <p>In 1969, after refuting the widely held belief that A, B, and C coordination is not found in Cicero and Caesar, Harm Pinkster lamented that “a continuous up to date re-editing of an <em>opus maximum</em> like K(ühner)-St(egmann), that aims at providing the philologist with a mass of grammatical facts and not so much at giving him insight into the historical evolution, has been omitted” (<em>Mnemosyne</em> 22: 267). Having identified that gap, Pinkster set about to fill it and provide a complete analysis of the Latin language aided by the tools of modern linguistics. Having catered for the simple clause in the first volume of his <em>Syntax</em> (2015), reviewed in this journal at 110 (2017), 575–76, with this volume, which appeared shortly before his death, Pinkster put the coping stone on his project.</p> <p>The format of the previous volume continues, with numbered sections and sub-sections each beginning with a descriptive analysis of the phenomena and supported by example sentences mostly drawn from Plautus, Terence, and Cicero, each supplied with an English rendering. Many of the sections also include <strong>[End Page 228]</strong> a “Supplement,” with further examples quoted in a smaller font and without an English version. It is in the area of terminology that readers trained in traditional Latin grammar are likely to have difficulty. The terminology of Dutch Functional Grammar is used throughout, so readers unfamiliar with it should consult the explanations at the beginning of Volume 1. But the new terminology sometimes seems unnecessarily opaque, as, for instance, when Pinkster speaks of “the expansion type” of result clause (p. 308), by which he means what we ordinarily call a “consecutive clause with limiting force,” an expression he does not use.</p> <p>Since the large grammar of Kühner and Stegmann is the model, this second volume deals, like theirs, with the various types of subordinate clauses. There are some differences, however. Thus, Pinkster treats the ablative absolute in this volume as a clause, whereas Kühner and Stegmann handled it in their first volume under the participle (1:766). One might not have expected a detailed treatment of word order (pp. 948–1137)—Kühner and Stegmann offered a relatively brief one (2:589–629)—or of stylistic matters (pp. 1138–1231). This volume concludes with an <em>Index Locorum</em> and a General Index to both volumes, prepared by the author’s daughter Akke Pinkster (pp. 1303–1438).</p> <p>As in Vo","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Future is Female: Circe, Augustus, and the Prehistory of Rome","authors":"Jessica Blum-Sorensen","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.a912762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.a912762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper focuses on one of ancient mythology's most notorious voices, the nymph Circe, daughter of the Sun and witch of Aeaea. Tracing the evolution of Circe's mythology through the works of Vergil, Ovid, and Valerius Flaccus, it shows how these early imperial authors use her presence in Rome's family tree to push back on Augustus' version of Rome's genealogy and his own right to rule. By embedding Circe in the \"Italian\" side of Rome's antecedents, they demonstrate the fragility of the principate's claim to legitimacy through control of Rome's inheritance.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the Silence: Io and Philomela in Ovid's Metamorphoses","authors":"Giulio Celotto","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.a912761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.a912761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper, which serves as the introduction to the volume, suggests that stories of ancient Roman women shattering the curtain of silence that surrounds them can be repurposed to support contemporary women's struggle to make their voice heard. In particular, the tales of Io and Philomela in Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> can be used to amplify the powerful message of the recently developed Me Too movement, as they show that women victim of sexual assault can reaffirm their identity and reclaim their role in the community by speaking up and denouncing the violence they have suffered.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}