Transactions of the American Philological Association最新文献

{"title":"Africa ipsa parens: Racializing Representations of Sardinians in Cicero's Pro Scauro (54 B.C.E.)","authors":"Hannah Čulík-Baird, Mathias Hanses","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>Following recent developments in the scholarship on premodern racial formation, the present article examines Cicero's racializing representations of Sardinian provincials in the <i>Pro Scauro</i> (54 b.c.e.). In this speech, Cicero defends Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, former governor of Sardinia, against charges of provincial mismanagement. In order to secure Scaurus's acquittal, Cicero portrays the <i>Sardi</i> as a distinct and \"deficient\" <i>genus</i>, characterized by innate and homogenous somatic, cognitive, and \"genetic\" qualities. At the same time, Cicero also disparages the Sardinians as a \"mixture\" of the Africans and the Carthaginians who occupied Sardinia prior to Roman conquest. The result is a juxtaposition between racialized Sardinians and \"pure\" Romans that is designed to convince the jurors to side with Scaurus, whose participation in the provincials' dehumanization, murder, and exploitation Cicero presents as morally unproblematic.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiquity, Tradition, and Anti-Blackness in Hannah Arendt's Public Sphere","authors":"Harriet Fertik","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>Scholarship on Hannah Arendt's receptions of Greco-Roman antiquity has largely neglected debates about anti-Blackness in her writing. To begin to fill this gap, this article focuses on Arendt's concept of the public (<i>The Human Condition</i>) and her condemnations of Black student movements (<i>On Violence</i>). Her account of how texts confer immortality on people in the public sphere clarifies the connections between an exclusive ideal of the public, an exclusive textual tradition, and an exclusive view of humanity. Arendt's work raises a challenge for classicists: can commitment to the immortality of a textual tradition be disentangled from anti-Blackness?</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Icarus Wings 'n' Things\": Michael Richards and Myth","authors":"Alex Fialho, Melissa Levin","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925503","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; \"Icarus Wings 'n' Things\":&lt;span&gt;Michael Richards and Myth&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Alex Fialho and Melissa Levin &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;I think history has always been important to me because if you examine the past you can also read the symptoms of what is prevalent now in terms of racial associations and the relationships of power present in our society today. History is interesting in terms of how we mythologize it, how we accept history or interpretations of history as fact, and whose interpretation it is. In many ways my history is so different from the official white versions.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; —Michael Richards, 1997 &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;spanning the decade between&lt;/small&gt; 1990 &lt;small&gt;and&lt;/small&gt; 2000, artist Michael Richards created a prolific body of work including sculpture, drawing, installation, and video.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Integral to a generation of Black artists emerging in the 1990s, Richards—who was of Jamaican and Costa Rican lineage—engaged themes of flight, diaspora, Blackness, spirituality, police brutality, monuments, and more. Among the abundant references throughout his body of work, Richards frequently alluded to Greek mythology. Icarus looms largest, with evocations overt and subtle, thematic and visual, literal and metaphoric. Other related narratives, including those of Daedalus, Sisyphus, Medusa, and Hermes also appear. As scholar Patrice Rankine, who invited this contribution, wrote of Richards's engagement with Icarus, it illustrates \"the movement of the symbolic &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 251]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br/&gt; Click for larger view&lt;br/&gt; View full resolution Fig 1. &lt;p&gt;Michael Richards with &lt;em&gt;Tar Baby vs. St. Sebastian&lt;/em&gt;, 1999. Photograph by Frank Stewart.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;form, its adaptability to new contexts, and some possible affinities with Black vernacular traditions.\"&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Indeed, Richards's work gestures toward both repression and reprieve from social injustices, and the simultaneous (Icarian) possibilities of uplift and downfall, often in the context of the historic and ongoing oppression of Black people.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Though we are only aware of Richards explicitly naming Icarus once in an artwork, he makes his way to Icarian themes through images of flight and aviation. Many of Richards's works display flight's capacity for metaphor and contradiction; he wrote that he viewed \"the concept of flight as both freedom &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 252]&lt;/strong&gt; and surrender.\"&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; In this context, Richards's artist statement offers an exploration of dualities that can be related to Icarian complexities; the statement reads, in part: \"By focusing on issues of identity and identification, I attempt to examine the feelings of doubt and discomfort which face blacks who wish to succeed in a system which is structured to deny them access. How do systems of representation, and the port","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nose at the Crossroads: An Intersectional Reading of the Pseudo-Vergilian Moretum","authors":"Francesca Bellei","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>This article provides a new interpretation of the anonymous poem <i>Moretum</i> as erotic satire. Mindful of Shelley Haley's invitation to read it through a Black feminist lens, this article turns to recent Black feminist scholarship on pornography to argue that the presence of sex does not automatically negate the agency of Scybale, the African woman described in the poem as Simulus's <i>custos</i>. Further, I review the evidence for Simulus's own identity. Through a combination of Audre Lorde's Black queer lens and Paul Preciado's trans scholarship on the dildo, I further argue that by imagining Simulus as Black, queer, and/or trans, the power imbalance between Simulus and Scybale is greatly reduced. Lastly, I heed Haley's invitation to read Black protagonists of Latin poetry through Yoruba mythology, and turn to Henry Louis Gates Jr. to argue that Simulus's Blackness brings them closest to Esu, the genderqueer trickster god, which in turn helps us identify him with the author themselves.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race, Data, and Classics","authors":"Arum Park","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>The focus of this article is a 2019–2020 demographic data collection, visualization, and analysis project on race and Classics. Based on the findings of the project, this article advances arguments in favor of regular, frequent, and well-publicized demographic data gathering and visualization as practices crucial for effective, research-driven diversity and inclusion efforts in Classics. By fueling and bolstering these efforts, such practices have the potential to expand and reshape the boundaries of Classics as a discipline.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"But They Were a Race of Whites\": Race and the Making of Ancient Slavery in the Anglophone World, 1785–1980","authors":"Christopher S. Parmenter","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>Today, few ancient historians believe that Greek and Roman slavery had anything to do with race or racism. But when histories of ancient slavery were first written in the 1780s, the connection was assumed. This article explores how and why race and racism persisted in Anglophone historiography on ancient slavery into the twentieth century, only disappearing in the 1950s. I argue that it might be time to reopen the book on whether ancient slavery was a racialized institution. Adopting insights from premodern critical race studies (PCRS), I argue that the real differences between ancient and Atlantic-world slaveries should not be seen in terms of discontinuity and rupture. Rather, I see the question through what Margo Hendricks calls a \"bidirectional gaze,\" by which social arrangements of the past few centuries might bear uncanny resemblance to institutions of the ancient past.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racializing Antiquity, Post-Diversity","authors":"Patrice Rankine","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925494","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; Racializing Antiquity, Post-Diversity &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Patrice Rankine &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;at cambridge university in&lt;/small&gt; 1965, James Baldwin debated William F. Buckley Jr. whether \"The American Dream Is at the Expense of the American Negro.\"&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; These men could not have been further apart on the matter and took positions already weatherworn by the mid-twentieth century.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Whereas Baldwin had become a well-known and outspoken advocate for the civil rights movement in the United States, Buckley opposed what he saw as federal imposition on Southern states in such legislation as the forced integration of public schools (e.g., &lt;em&gt;Brown v. Board of Education&lt;/em&gt; [1954]). Baldwin, who was raised in poverty in Harlem and educated only as far as high school, understood his unlikely status as a sought-after public intellectual. Buckley (although also born in New York) came from a wealthy and established Southern family and held a Yale University degree. The aspiration of the Cambridge Debates had been to highlight just such divergent perspectives, with the aim of getting at the truth or at least opening minds to viewpoints they might not have considered before. Realizing his native disadvantage, Baldwin fashioned his argument for the majority culture, the European descendants who primarily filled his audience at Cambridge and would listen across the airwaves, especially in the United States. He takes an ethical position in his appeal, stating that \"it is a terrible thing for an entire population to surrender to the notion that one-ninth of its population is beneath them.\"&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Grounding his argument &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 1]&lt;/strong&gt; in lineage, he offers that his ancestors, although the minority, were also (like the Founding Fathers) \"trying to forge a new identity for which we need each other\" (Baldwin and Buckley 1965). Baldwin, it might be said, was a \"race man,\" a person whose words and actions would advance the cause of Black Americans.&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; He understood his own truth as tied to the question that the debate posed. Buckley saw himself as an individual speaking on his own behalf.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The subject of race (and racism) permeates this special issue, which is unusual for a journal dedicated to the philological study of Greek and Roman antiquity. As such, the Baldwinian heuristic is a useful countermove to the status quo, a tool that can serve readers seeking truth and understanding as opposed to simply reenforcing disciplinary commonplaces, in at least three ways: it can help surface our positionality, center race as a spectacular secret, and consider the evidence of this proposition in good faith.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Regarding the first countermove, Baldwin offers that positionality contributes to shaping worldviews. By contrast, Buckley hardly mentions his own background or upbringing when adva","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Yearning, from the Spectacular to the Speculative","authors":"Sasha-Mae Eccleston","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925506","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; On Yearning, from the Spectacular to the Speculative &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Sasha-Mae Eccleston &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;it is difficult to survey a field accurately&lt;/small&gt; from a single vantage point. Likewise, reflecting on one issue of one journal, I cannot accurately survey the entirety of ancient Greek and Roman studies or even the branch of it represented by &lt;em&gt;TAPA&lt;/em&gt;'s readership.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;However, Patrice Rankine and I have spent considerable time over the last few years in the company of the articles that constitute this special issue. Editing has required that we revisit these pieces of scholarship repeatedly and sustain dialogue with both their authors and their reviewers.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; As a result, these articles have frequently come to mind as I read research across this field and others. Their interpretations of passages have already influenced how I review applications, teach, mentor students, or edit other people's work. I appreciated the variety of methods these authors use and their arguments from early on in the editorial process. Having to focus on their individual nuances while keeping an eye on how they drift together or apart from one another has brought a deferred reward: I now especially value the matters this issue's articles bring to the fore but do not resolve. Those moments of irresolution have highlighted the parameters of what contributors have been habituated to consider the limits of the field, what it prioritizes and what it considers transgressive. They direct my attention toward what lies just outside the field's ken and toward what we need to do as practitioners of various kinds in order to grasp it.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;When Patrice and I began to brainstorm this issue's call for papers (CfP), the spectacular emerged as an important prism for seeing race in classical scholarship otherwise, echoing Emily Greenwood's own citation of Rachel Blau DuPlessis, and for intervening meaningfully in the development of these &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 331]&lt;/strong&gt; areas of research that the field has only recently sanctioned.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; My interest in this prism responded to Patrice's description of the field's propensity to ignore White supremacy as a bedrock of American society as \"Oedipal zeal,\" but it had longer-term origins in three areas of concern.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;First, I acknowledge how pointing out the presence of X people in or influencing ancient Greek–speaking communities, in the ancient Greek or Roman imagination, or as subjects of the Roman Empire seeks to combat centuries of historical erasure that credits European(ized) civilizations with many or all of the greatest human achievements and associates non-Europeans with a passivity that renders them appropriate objects of domination. For those less attuned to racism's nuances and the politics of presence &lt;em&gt;as well as&lt;/em&gt; erasure, this quest to ","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Romanità and Race in Italy (and Beyond)","authors":"Beatrice Falcucci","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>A century ago, in Fascist Italy, archaeological evidence was used to demonstrate the racial superiority of ancient Roman civilization. This article analyzes a particular moment in the construction of the Fascist empire, namely its colonial, exploitative relationships with the ancient Roman past both in Italy and in Libya and with the people living there. The article will focus on the link between racism and Roman antiquity and how it was reinforced by disciplines such as archaeology, museology, and anthropology.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myths & Migrations","authors":"Leronn P. Brooks, William Villalongo","doi":"10.1353/apa.2024.a925500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2024.a925500","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; Myths &amp; Migrations &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Leronn P. Brooks and William Villalongo &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This conversation was held in preparation for the artist's solo exhibition&lt;/em&gt; Myths &amp; Migrations, &lt;em&gt;opening at Grinnell Museum in January 2024&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; WV: &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;this is an image of my sculpture&lt;/small&gt; &lt;em&gt;Beacon&lt;/em&gt; installed at Villa Romana for Black History Month Florence.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;I expanded on the central hanging piece that has gourds, seashells, and mineral stones on gold chains. I was trying to take advantage of the full space of this glass pavilion. In this iteration, the piece has sound. I collaborated with another fellow at the American Academy in Rome, Igor Santos. He pulls in sounds from all types of places to make his compositions. We got to talking about the idea of the nocturne after I explained to him that I think about the drinking gourd as a kind of way finder and its connection to the Big Dipper constellation through American folk song. The components of the piece are covered with black velvet to conjure the feeling of looking at the night sky. He started talking, explaining the nocturnes genre in classical music, which I didn't know much about. So he gave me a few things to listen to. Then we recorded some sounds in a park at dusk. He had all these high-powered mics, mics that can pick up vibrations and subtle things. Like the crunching of leaves under your feet. Some could record underwater. He mixed the sounds we found, and eventually I outfitted one of the gourds with a speaker that plays a conch call. Igor's mix of our found sounds come through two speakers at either side of the space. It's like an invocation of night. So the idea is to be immersed in sound from this beacon. A beacon for the diaspora. The object &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 177]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br/&gt; Click for larger view&lt;br/&gt; View full resolution Fig 1. &lt;p&gt;William Villalongo, &lt;em&gt;Beacon&lt;/em&gt;, 2022. Velvet flocking, gold chains, drinking gourds, Testa di Moro, artificial basil, obsidian, quartz, hematite, sea shells, and coral. 96 × 24 × 24 in. Copyright: the artist. Photograph courtesy of Villa Romana in Florence, Italy and ©Villalongo Studio LLC.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[End Page 178]&lt;/strong&gt; evokes that folk song \"Follow the Drinking Gourd.\" I also used a kitsch &lt;em&gt;testa di moro&lt;/em&gt;, which is a folk craft in Sicily. It hangs upside down with a basil plant. I don't know if you've seen these …&lt;/p&gt; LB: &lt;p&gt;Um, the Blackamoor?&lt;/p&gt; WV: &lt;p&gt;Well, similar. &lt;em&gt;Testa di moro&lt;/em&gt; is just a head and it's a planter vase. Traditionally it's a white female or a Black male.&lt;/p&gt; LB: &lt;p&gt;Oh! Yes, yes.&lt;/p&gt; WV: &lt;p&gt;The whole story is eleventh century. The Moors have conquered Italy and Sicily. A Moorish prince catches the eye of a Sicilian woman, they fall in love, and long story short, she finds out that he has a ","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}