BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Tonsilloliths in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Retrospective CT PNS Study.","authors":"S Kaleemullah, Jolene Alokkan, R Swathi, B Viswanatha","doi":"10.1007/s12070-023-04087-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12070-023-04087-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To determine the prevalence of tonsilloliths in CT PNS (Computed Tomography ParaNasal Sinuses) of patients with and without features of chronic rhinosinusitis. 97 CT PNS of the patients with features of chronic rhinosinusitis were included in the study group, and 124 CT PNS of cases without features of chronic rhinosinusitis were taken as the control group. All 221 CT PNS were then evaluated for the presence of tonsillar calcifications indicative of tonsilloliths and the prevalence of the same in the study and control groups. 97 of the 221 CT PNS evaluated showed features of chronic rhinosinusitis. 60 of these 97 CT PNS showed features of tonsillolith in one or both tonsils. Of these 60 cases, 58 had maxillary sinusitis, and 17 had pansinusitis. Most of the cases had small tonsilloliths (1-3 mm), and only one case had a large tonsillolith (> 6 mm). At the same time, 27 out of the remaining 124 CT PNS without chronic rhinosinusitis showed the presence of tonsilloliths in one or both tonsils. The prevalence of tonsilloliths is significantly higher in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis than in the control group. The presence of tonsilloliths in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis indicates repeated inflammation of the tonsils due to sinusitis. Such chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the pharynx should prompt more aggressive treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"55 1","pages":"84-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10908942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78817812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the origins and emergence of the Qaŋlï Turks","authors":"H. İ. Erkoç","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x23000514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x23000514","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Qaŋlï (Qangli) Turks were a numerous people, active in Eurasia in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries, but their ultimate origins remain a matter of debate. Often considered by modern scholars to be a part of the Kipchaks (Cumans), others have different opinions. One of these links them to cart-riding early medieval Turkic tribes called Tägräks, known in Chinese sources as Tiele 鐵勒, among other forms. This article examines the earliest possible (eighth-century) references to the Qaŋlïs in the historical sources, and points to the potential links between them and various tribes seen among Turko-Mongol groupings of the ninth to tenth centuries mentioned in the Chinese sources, such as the Black Carts (Heichezi 黑車子). Another aspect that this article focuses on is how both historical and mythological texts of the Mongol period show the Qaŋlïs to be a people distinct from the Kipchaks. Ultimately, this study, which is based on both historical sources and modern research, proposes to locate the origins of the Qaŋlï Turks among Tägräk tribes.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43865076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human leukocyte antigen alloimmunization prevention mechanisms in blood transfusion.","authors":"Tiruneh Adane, Bamlaku Enawgaw","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_144_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_144_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In many fields of clinical medicine and blood transfusion, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is crucial. Alloimmunization happens as a result of an immune response to foreign antigens encountered during blood transfusion. This gives rise to alloantibodies against red blood cells (RBCs), HLA, or human platelet antigen (HPA). HLA alloimmunization following allogeneic transfusion was shown to be a result of contaminating white blood cells (WBCs) present in the product. It is a common complication of transfusion therapy that leads to difficulties in clinical intolerance and refractoriness to platelet transfusion during patient management. Single-donor platelets, prophylactic HLA matching, leukoreduction, and irradiation of cellular blood products are some of the mechanisms to prevent HLA alloimmunization during a blood transfusion. Now, the best approach to reduce the occurrence of primary HLA alloimmunization is the removal of WBCs from the blood by filtration.</p>","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"80 1","pages":"264-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10807525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77766275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Identification of Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Algorithm Development and Evaluation Study.","authors":"Thanai Pongdee, Nicholas B Larson, Rohit Divekar, Suzette J Bielinski, Hongfang Liu, Sungrim Moon","doi":"10.2196/44191","DOIUrl":"10.2196/44191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is an acquired inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, and respiratory hypersensitivity reactions on ingestion of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Despite AERD having a classic constellation of symptoms, the diagnosis is often overlooked, with an average of greater than 10 years between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis of AERD. Without a diagnosis, individuals will lack opportunities to receive effective treatments, such as aspirin desensitization or biologic medications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our aim was to develop a combined algorithm that integrates both natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques to identify patients with AERD from an electronic health record (EHR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A rule-based decision tree algorithm incorporating NLP-based features was developed using clinical documents from the EHR at Mayo Clinic. From clinical notes, using NLP techniques, 7 features were extracted that included the following: AERD, asthma, NSAID allergy, nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, elevated urine leukotriene E4 level, and documented no-NSAID allergy. MedTagger was used to extract these 7 features from the unstructured clinical text given a set of keywords and patterns based on the chart review of 2 allergy and immunology experts for AERD. The status of each extracted feature was quantified by assigning the frequency of its occurrence in clinical documents per subject. We optimized the decision tree classifier's hyperparameters cutoff threshold on the training set to determine the representative feature combination to discriminate AERD. We then evaluated the resulting model on the test set.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AERD algorithm, which combines NLP and ML techniques, achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.78-0.94), 80.00 (95% CI 70.82-87.33), and 88.00 (95% CI 79.98-93.64) for the test set, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We developed a promising AERD algorithm that needs further refinement to improve AERD diagnosis. Continued development of NLP and ML technologies has the potential to reduce diagnostic delays for AERD and improve the health of our patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"19 1","pages":"e44191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11296676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79343224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Playing the fool: jesters of the Safavid and Zand courts","authors":"G. Izzo","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X23000460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X23000460","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article looks at the history of jesters affiliated with the Iranian court during the Safavid and Zand periods. I present several case studies of jesters (dalqak), featuring Kal ʿEnāyat and Dalāleh Qezī from the Safavid period and Lūṭī Ṣāleḥ from the Zand period. From various primary resources including memoirs, European travelogues, and court-associated chronicles, I relate several accounts associated with these personalities and describe their unique relationship with the ruling shāh of their time. Through various staged and spontaneous performances involving irony, subterfuge, and satire, jesters – as embodied “mirrors for princes” – demonstrate the inherent precarity of the shāh's rule and the need to be accountable to his subjects. In comparing the Safavid jester to others across time and place, the performative simulation of transcending the status quo's gender, class, political, and moralistic boundaries will be shown to help preserve them.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"86 1","pages":"261 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46164579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rape in early China: two case studies","authors":"Olivia Milburn","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X23000538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X23000538","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the exception of legal texts, surviving records of rape in early China have been the subject of little academic study to date. This is the result of a number of factors, including the criminalization of both consensual and non-consensual sex outside of marriage in ancient China, the tradition of using euphemistic vocabulary to refer to such topics, considerable variation, depending on time and place, as to what constitutes rape and discomfort that some very famous men are said to have committed crimes of rape and sexual violence. This article examines two famous and well-documented incidents – one concerning the rape of a woman in peacetime, the other an instance of mass gang rape during war – to explore the specific challenges of studying sexual violence in ancient civilizations. Ignoring early accounts of rape serves to significantly distort our understanding of some key events in Chinese history and perverts the textual record.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"86 1","pages":"277 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41776297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T. Richard Blurton: India: A History in Objects 320 pp. London: Thames & Hudson and The British Museum, 2022. £30. ISBN 978 0 500 48064 9.","authors":"C. Branfoot","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x23000575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x23000575","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"86 1","pages":"380 - 381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48392143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ying Wa boys in early colonial Hong Kong","authors":"M. Wong","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X23000472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X23000472","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous studies of the Ying Wa College (英華書院) in early Hong Kong overlooked the role of the students. The scarcity of relevant sources could well justify such an oversight. This article aims at filling this gap through the careful use of London Missionary Society (LMS) materials. Not only does it aim to highlight significant aspects of the college, its unique history, its English education and its practice of Christian faith, it also discusses the careers of some graduates in Hong Kong, China and the world. This article argues that these Ying Wa boys formed a bridge that connected the Western and Chinese worlds. Their impact was felt through the spread of Christianity and global China business, on the one hand, and as a connection between the people and the government in colonial Hong Kong, Qing China and overseas Chinese communities in Singapore and Australia.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"86 1","pages":"335 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44580636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gül Şen: Making Sense of History. Narrativity and Literariness in the Ottoman Chronicle of Na‘īmā (The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage: Politics, Society and Economy, 74.) xiv, 387 pp. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2022. ISBN 978 90 04 51041 8.","authors":"C. Finkel","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x23000307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x23000307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"86 1","pages":"369 - 370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44349888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carl F. Petry: The Mamluk Sultanate: A History Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. ISBN 978 1 1084 5699 9.","authors":"Mohamad El-Merheb","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x2300037x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x2300037x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":"86 1","pages":"367 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46977438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}