Multiple Sclerosis International最新文献

{"title":"White Matter Lesion Volumes on 3-T MRI in People With MS Who Had Followed a Diet and Lifestyle Program for More Than 10 Years.","authors":"Mariaan Jaftha, Frances Robertson, Susan J van Rensburg, Martin Kidd, Ronald van Toorn, Merlisa C Kemp, Clint Johannes, Kelebogile E Moremi, Lindiwe Whati, Maritha J Kotze, Penelope Engel-Hills","doi":"10.1155/2024/8818934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8818934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Cerebral white matter lesion (WML) formation in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) is linked to the death of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Current MS treatment strategies focus on limiting WML accumulation and disability. Using a pathology-supported genetic testing (PSGT) program, we identified specific risk factors for MS, categorized as <i>deficiencies</i> and <i>aggravators</i>. We developed a novel clinical methodology to mitigate these risk factors, including personalized lifestyle interventions and optimization of cerebral nutrients to prevent oligodendrocyte demise and promote remyelination. <b>Objective</b>: To conduct a pilot case-control study over a 10-year period to ascertain whether the PSGT Program can reduce or prevent WML formation in pwMS. <b>Methods</b>: MRI was performed at baseline as well as after an interval period of at least 10 years or longer in 22 pwMS. WML volumes were determined using Sequence Adaptive Multimodal SEGmentation (SAMSEG) software, part of FreeSurfer 7.2. Other variables included age at MRI, disease duration, disability status, and medication. <b>Results</b>: PwMS (<i>n</i> = 13) who had followed the PSGT program for more than 10 years, had significantly smaller lesion volumes (mm³) compared to pwMS who did not adhere to the program (<i>n</i> = 9) (4950 ± 5303 vs. 17934 ± 11139; <i>p</i> = 0.002). WML volumes were significantly associated (<i>p</i> = 0.02) with disability (EDSS) but not with age (<i>p</i> = 0.350), disease duration (<i>p</i> = 0.709), or Interferon-<i>β</i> treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.70). <b>Conclusion:</b> Dietary and lifestyle changes may lower the risk of developing cerebral WMLs in pwMS and potentially slow disease progression. Larger studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of such interventions in pwMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2024 ","pages":"8818934"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11548950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulp Sensitivity Testing in Multiple Sclerosis: Disease Duration and Sensory/Motor Associations-A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Fatemeh Owlia, Fereshteh Noori, Marzieh Abutorabi Zarchi, Maryam Kazemipoor","doi":"10.1155/2024/6662518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6662518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> This study explores a relatively unexplored aspect of multiple sclerosis (MS) by examining the sensitivity threshold of dental pulp as a potential indicator of neuropathy in MS patients. Building upon earlier research that focused on assessing the response to electrical pulp testing in MS patients who did not have a history of trigeminal neuralgia, this survey is aimed at delving into the relationship between MS duration and the threshold for stimulation in response to pulp sensitivity tests. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study encompassed a total of 124 maxillary central incisors from patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The participants were uniform in terms of age, falling within the 18-50 years range, and all had RRMS with no history of trigeminal neuralgia. The electric pulp sensitivity test was conducted on all samples, and the results of the electric pulp testing (EPT) were recorded according to the grade of the pulp tester that elicited a response. The threshold was considered reached when the patient first experienced a burning sensation after EPT application and the use of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane spray. Data analysis employed paired <i>t</i>-tests, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman correlation, with a significance level set at <i>p</i> < 0.05. <b>Results:</b> Based on the study's findings, the average response value to EPT was 2.69 ± 1.17, while the response time to the cold test was 2.61 ± 1.03 s. There was no statistically significant difference in the response to the cold test based on age (<i>p</i> = 0.45). However, it was observed that the mean response time to the cold test was significantly longer among male participants (<i>p</i> = 0.001). No significant differences were identified in the pulpal response to EPT or the cold test between patients with and without sensory-motor involvement (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman's analysis revealed a noteworthy positive correlation between the electrical pulp threshold and the time taken to respond to the cold test (<i>p</i> = 0.025, <i>r</i> = 0.2). <b>Conclusions:</b> The utilization of the pulpal sensitivity test in MS patients holds promise for practical clinical use. Notably, individuals with a more extended duration of the disease exhibited a notably elevated threshold for both the EPT and the cold test conducted on their maxillary central incisors.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6662518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11410405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Atrophy as an Outcome of Disease-Modifying Therapy for Remitting-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Magdalena Chylińska,&nbsp;Jakub Komendziński,&nbsp;Adam Wyszomirski,&nbsp;Bartosz Karaszewski","doi":"10.1155/2023/4130557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4130557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Currently, clinical trials of DMTs strive to determine their effect on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We aimed to determine the impact of currently used DMTs on brain atrophy and disability in RRMS. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of MS therapy and assess its impact on disability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic analysis of clinical trials that used brain atrophy as an outcome or performed post hoc analysis of volumetric MRI parameters to assess the neuroprotective potential of applied therapies. Trials between 2008 and 2019 that included published results of brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) change and brain volume loss (BVL) in the period from baseline to week 96 or longer were considered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve from 146 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into the analysis. DMTs that presented a large reduction in BVL also exhibited robust effects on clinical disability worsening, e.g., alemtuzumab with a 42% risk reduction in 6-month confirmed disability accumulation (<i>p</i> = 0.0084), ocrelizumab with a 40% risk reduction in 6-month confirmed disability progression (<i>p</i> = 0.003), and other DMTs (cladribine and teriflunomide) with moderate influence on brain atrophy were also associated with a marked impact on disability worsening. Dimethyl fumarate (DEFINE) and fingolimod (FREEDOMS I) initially exhibited significant effect on BVL; however, this effect was not confirmed in further clinical trials: CONFIRM and FREEDOMS II, respectively. Peg-IFN-<i>β</i>1a shows a modest effect on BVL and disability worsening.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results show that BVL in one of the components of clinical disability worsening, together with other variables (lesion volume and annualized relapse rate). Standardization of atrophy measurement technique as well as harmonization of disability worsening and progression criteria in further clinical trials are of utmost importance as they enable a reliable comparison of neuroprotective potential of DMTs.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4130557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10484652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10219635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Contributors of Backward Walking in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Taylor N Takla,&nbsp;Alexis N Chargo,&nbsp;Ana M Daugherty,&nbsp;Nora E Fritz","doi":"10.1155/2023/5582242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5582242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at an increased fall risk due to motor and cognitive dysfunction. Our past studies suggest that backward walking (BW) velocity predicts fall risk; however, specific cognitive domains associated with BW velocity remain understudied. The goal of this study was to determine the specific contributions of cognitive functioning to BW velocity in persons with MS. We hypothesized that better visuospatial memory, verbal immediate recall, and faster information processing speed would contribute to faster BW velocity, and deficits in these domains would partially account for disease severity-related impairment in BW velocity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants completed demographic questionnaires, walking tests, and cognitive assessments. Applied structural equation modeling was used to test our hypothesized model of competing cognitive mediators. Within the model, disease severity was a predictor of BW via three intercorrelated cognitive mediators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants included 39 individuals with relapsing-remitting MS. Results indicated that 35.3% of the significant total effect of disease severity on BW was accounted for by specific cognitive deficits. Verbal immediate recall had the largest contribution, followed by visuospatial memory and information processing speed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When examining the unique effects of cognitive domains on disease severity-related deficits in BW, a meaningful source of impairment related to visuospatial memory and verbal immediate recall was demonstrated. Considering the utility of BW velocity as a predictor of falls, these results highlight the importance of assessing cognition when evaluating fall risk in MS. Cognitive-based intervention studies investigating fall prevention may find BW as a more specific and sensitive predictor of fall risk than forward walking.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5582242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10438976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10405137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient and Clinician Perspectives of Physical Therapy for Walking Difficulties in Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Prudence Plummer,&nbsp;Andrea Stewart,&nbsp;Jessica N Anderson","doi":"10.1155/2023/1121051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1121051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gait speed is frequently the primary efficacy endpoint in clinical trials of interventions targeting mobility in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it is unclear whether increased gait speed is a meaningful outcome for people living with MS. The purpose of this study was to identify the most important aspects of mobility for people with MS and physical therapists and to explore how patients and clinicians perceive whether physical therapy has been effective. Forty-six people with MS and 23 physical therapy clinicians participated in a focus group, one-on-one interview, or electronic survey. The focus group and interview data were transcribed and coded to identify themes. Free-text survey responses were also coded, and multiple-choice options were analyzed for frequency. Among people with MS, falls and difficulties getting out into the community were identified as highly important mobility limitations. Clinicians also identified falls and safety as a priority. Walking speed was infrequently described as a problem, and although gait speed is often measured by clinicians, improving gait speed is rarely a treatment goal. Despite their emphasis on safety, clinicians lacked certainty about how to objectively measure improvements in safety. People with MS evaluated physical therapy effectiveness based on the ease by which they can do things and acknowledged that \"not getting worse\" is a positive outcome. Clinicians evaluated effectiveness based on the amount of change in objective outcome measures and by patient and caregiver reports of improved function. These findings indicate that gait speed is not of major importance to people with MS or physical therapy clinicians. People with MS want to be able to walk further and without an assistive device, and they want to avoid falls. Clinicians want to maximize safety while improving functional ability. Clinicians and patients may differ in their expected outcomes from physical therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2023 ","pages":"1121051"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9946742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10791901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Malmö, Southern Sweden","authors":"L. Alonso-Magdalena, Elisabet Zia, Olga Carmona i Codina, H. Pessah-Rasmussen, P. Sundström","doi":"10.1155/2022/5464370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5464370","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives To estimate the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Malmö municipality in southwestern Sweden. Materials and Methods Multiple sources were used in the case identification process. Case ascertainment was assessed by medical chart review including examinations such as magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, and relevant laboratory tests. Cases were classified according to the 2010 McDonald's diagnostic criteria. Onset-adjusted prevalence and a definition of onset symptoms were applied. Results The crude incidence of MS in 2001-2010 in Malmö municipality was 5.3/100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.5 to 6.2). There was a relapsing onset in 90.5% of cases. The female to male ratio was 1.8. The onset-adjusted prevalence for Dec 2010 was 133/100,000 (95% CI, 120 to 146) with a female to male ratio of 2.1. Conclusions This is the first population-based epidemiological study in Skåne, the most southwestern part of Sweden showing a high incidence and prevalence. We found a lower incidence than expected according to previous nationwide figures, probably due to methodological differences between the studies. Our findings support the presence of a north-south gradient of MS prevalence in Sweden.","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42185590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telehealth-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.","authors":"David Turkowitch, Rebecca Ludwig, Eryen Nelson, Michelle Drerup, Catherine F Siengsukon","doi":"10.1155/2022/7110582","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/7110582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Over 50% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have moderate or severe sleep disturbances, insomnia being the most common. In-person cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (F2F-CBTi) is currently the first-line treatment for insomnia. However, given potential limitations to access including mobility difficulty, fatigue, or living in a rural area, telehealth-delivered CBT-I (tele-CBTi) has been considered as an alternative treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and treatment effect of tele-CBTi in people with MS and compare it to outcomes from a F2F-CBTi study in individuals with MS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>11 individuals with MS and symptoms of insomnia participated in 6 weekly CBT-I sessions with a trained CBT-I provider via live video. Insomnia severity (ISI), sleep quality (PSQI), and fatigue severity (FSS and MFIS) were assessed pre- and posttreatment as primary outcomes. Sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE) and total sleep time (TST) from the PSQI, depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), sleep self-efficacy (SSES), and quality of life (MSIS-29) were also assessed pre- and posttreatment as secondary outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants resided in 9 different states. Retention and adherence rates were 100%. There were significant improvements in ISI, PSQI, MFIS, FSS, SOL, SSES, PHQ-9, and MSIS-29, but not SE, TST, or GAD-7. There were no significant differences between the F2F-CBTi group and tele-CBTi group for magnitude of change in the primary outcomes (ISI, PSQI, MFIS, and FSS) or the secondary outcomes (SOL, SE, TST, SSES, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and MSIS-29).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tele-CBTi is feasible and has outcome measures that are similar to that of in-person CBT-I treatment. Tele-CBTi may increase access to insomnia treatment in individuals with MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2022 1","pages":"7110582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8906967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64784544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Celiac Disease (CD) Prevalent in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Hamide Olfati,&nbsp;Hamed Ghoshouni,&nbsp;Narges Ebrahimi,&nbsp;Aida Mohammadi,&nbsp;Mahsa Ghajarzadeh","doi":"10.1155/2022/7091140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7091140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease, and its prevalence reported variously in different studies. The goal of this study is to evaluate the pooled prevalence of CD in subjects with MS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar along with gray literature were systematically searched. The search included all relevant studies which were published up to October 2022. Two researchers independently searched all databases and also references of included studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found 8211 articles by literature search, and after deleting duplicates, 5594 remained. Fifteen articles remained for meta-analysis. Totally, 31418 patients were evaluated, and the total number of possible/confirmed cases was 124. Studies were published between 2004 and 2020, and the most published studies were from Italy. Five studies provided information regarding controls. The total number of controls was 22394, of whom 22 had CD. Mean age ranged from 35 to 55 years. The pooled prevalence of CD in MS patients was 0 (<i>I</i> ² = 88.2%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The pooled odds of CD in subjects with MS are 0.46 (95% CI: 0.19-1.1) (<i>I</i> ² = 0, <i>p</i> = 0.9).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The pooled prevalence of this systematic review showed that CD is not prevalent in MS cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2022 ","pages":"7091140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9759394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10402303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Reem Bunyan,&nbsp;Ghada Al Towaijri,&nbsp;Hessa Al Otaibi,&nbsp;Abid Kareem,&nbsp;Hussein Algahtani,&nbsp;Mousa Al Mejally,&nbsp;Ali Almubarak,&nbsp;Saad Alrajeh,&nbsp;Edward Cupler,&nbsp;Shireen Qureshi,&nbsp;Sadaga Alawi,&nbsp;Mamdouh Kalakatawi,&nbsp;Yaser Al Malik,&nbsp;Shahpar Nahrir,&nbsp;Adel Alhazzani,&nbsp;Ashraf El-Metwally,&nbsp;Sahar Shami,&nbsp;Samah Ishak,&nbsp;Hajer Almudaiheem,&nbsp;Ahmed Al-Jedai,&nbsp;Mohammed AlJumah","doi":"10.1155/2021/4226141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4226141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) appears to be increasing worldwide. However, data on the pediatric onset of MS is lacking, particularly in developing countries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study is aimed at reporting the current burden of the pediatric onset of MS in the five regions of Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used relevant data from the National Saudi MS Registry that was operational between 2015 and 2018. The data on patients with pediatric onset MS from all the hospitals included in the registry was retrospectively analyzed using the age of diagnosis. Patients who were 1-18 years old when diagnosed were included in the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The registry included 287 patients with pediatric onset MS, with a mean age of diagnosis at 15.7 (SD: 2.06). 74.2% of the participants were females. For the included hospitals, the estimated prevalence of pediatric MS was at 2.73/100,000 pediatric Saudi population. The prevalence of pediatric MS in the remaining nonparticipant hospitals was then projected taking into account both the size of pediatric population in the Kingdom per region and the number of facilities treating and managing MS in each of the corresponding regions. The overall projected prevalence was found to be 14.33/100,000 Saudi pediatric population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, this study reported the latest epidemiological data of pediatric onset of MS in Saudi Arabia. The current prevalence of MS among the pediatric Saudi population was found to be 2.73/100,000, and the overall projected prevalence was estimated at 14.33/100,000. Our findings were similar to those in other pediatric MS cohorts. Further studies are needed to understand the long-term prognosis, response to treatment, and disease course.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2021 ","pages":"4226141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8595009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39638208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquaporin-4 Autoantibody Detection by ELISA: A Retrospective Characterization of a Commonly Used Assay.","authors":"Jon P Williams,&nbsp;Justin R Abbatemarco,&nbsp;Jonathan J Galli,&nbsp;Stefanie J Rodenbeck,&nbsp;Lisa K Peterson,&nbsp;Thomas R Haven,&nbsp;Meagan Street,&nbsp;John W Rose,&nbsp;John E Greenlee,&nbsp;M Mateo Paz Soldan,&nbsp;Stacey L Clardy","doi":"10.1155/2021/8692328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8692328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) serum autoantibodies are detected by a variety of methods. The highest sensitivity is achieved with cell-based assays, but the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is still commonly utilized by clinicians worldwide.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective review to identify all patients at the University of Utah who had AQP4 ELISA testing at ARUP Laboratories from 2010 to 2017. We then reviewed their diagnostic evaluation and final diagnosis based on the ELISA titer result.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 750 tests for the AQP4 ELISA were analyzed, and 47 unique patients with positive titers were identified. Less than half of these patients (49%) met the clinical criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). In cases of low positive titers (3.0-7.9 U/mL, <i>n</i> = 19), the most common final diagnosis was multiple sclerosis (52.6%). In the moderate positive cohort (8.0-79.9 U/mL, <i>n</i> = 14), only a little more than half the cohort (64.3%) had NMOSD. In cases with high positives (80-160 U/mL, <i>n</i> = 14), 100% of patients met clinical criteria for NMOSD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data illustrates diagnostic uncertainty associated with the AQP4 ELISA, an assay that is still commonly ordered by clinicians despite the availability of more sensitive and specific tests to detect AQP4 autoantibodies in patients suspected of having NMOSD. In particular, low positive titer AQP4 ELISA results are particularly nonspecific for the diagnosis of NMOSD. The importance of accessibility to both sensitive and specific AQP4 testing cannot be overemphasized in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":46096,"journal":{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis International","volume":"2021 ","pages":"8692328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8492278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39495963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}