International Maritime Health最新文献

{"title":"Commentary on \"Retrospective 10-year study on Filipino seafarer medical repatriations: comparing two time periods\".","authors":"Sheena Mae Labastida Ochea","doi":"10.5603/imh.107960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/imh.107960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This letter responds to the recently published article, \"Retrospective 10-year study on Filipino seafarer medical repatriations: comparing two time periods,\" and commends the authors for offering timely insights into the health and welfare of Filipino seafarers. Their work effectively highlights how the implementation of the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006 contributed to a significant drop in repatriation cases-particularly those related to injuries and trauma. At the same time, the rise in musculoskeletal and mental health cases points to evolving challenges that deserve greater attention. This commentary also reflects on the importance of using repatriation rates responsibly, not as stand-alone performance metrics but as tools for improving health systems and onboard care. Ultimately, the letter supports ongoing research and policy efforts aimed at protecting the well-being of seafarers both in the Philippines and around the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":"77 3","pages":"214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep versus shallow decompression stops: illustration of different decompression strategies used in technical diving.","authors":"Alessandro Marroni, Massimo Pieri, Jean-Pierre Imbert, Riccardo Pelliccia, Mario Arena, Laura Marroni, Peter Germonpré, Danilo Cialoni, Costantino Balestra","doi":"10.5603/imh.106791","DOIUrl":"10.5603/imh.106791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite evolution in decompression algorithms, decompression illness is still an issue. Reducing vascular gas emboli (VGE) production by varying decompression procedures is very common among divers. Several methods have been tried, either mechanical, cardiovascular, desaturation-aimed or biochemical, with encouraging results. In this study, we tested two different decompression methods: one called DEEP, where the decompression starts deeper, the other one SHALLOW, where shallower stops were planned, for the same dive and decompression time.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In total, 18 healthy, non-smoking divers participated [1 female, 17 males; mean age 44.94 ± 5.74 years; body mass index (BMI) 27.3 ± 5.9 kg/m2]. Each diver performed two standardized Open Circuit trimix (21/35) dives, decompression mix EAN50. The deep profile used stops at 21, 18, 15, 12, 9, 6, and 3 meters. The shallow profile used stops at 9, 6, 3, with the same total bottom and decompression times for both groups. All dives were done in a pool (Y-40, Montegrotto, Italy) at a depth of 40 m for 40 min of bottom time and 80 minutes of total runtime. VGE counts were recorded every 15 min from 0 (0-5 min) to 90 min by echocardiography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vascular gas emboli were significantly reduced after the deep stops decompression procedure (DEEP: 6.7 ± 7.2 VGE per heartbeat vs. shallow: 10.7 ± 11.6 VGE per heartbeat, p = 0.0006). Three DCS cases were recorded after the \"shallow\" stop procedure (p = 0.24 Fisher's exact test).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are significant differences between the two tested decompression procedures. The DEEP procedure resulted in a lower production of bubbles compared to the SHALLOW procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":" ","pages":"157-167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148708045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding fatigue in the fishing industry: a case study of biodata collected at-home and at sea.","authors":"Michael J Taber, Tamara Vatcher","doi":"10.5603/imh.104694","DOIUrl":"10.5603/imh.104694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measurement of fatigue in the marine industry is a critical aspect of safe operations on water. Countless incidents have been linked to fatigue, particularly those involving navigation. This paper focuses on a case study to explore the impact of fatigue on bridge operations onboard a fishing trawler. The data was selected from a larger project used to develop an interactive fatigue risk identification application involving several other crew positions. The specific focus on this case includes 56 days of data collection occurring over a period that spanned time both at sea and at home. The collected data includes objective (heart rate and reaction time) and subjective (fatigue rating, sleep quality, and activity logs) data as well as vessel environmental and movement data. Results indicated that there was a noticeable difference between at-sea versus at-home heart rate, and ratings of mental fatigue. Visual analyses of the data reveals thatthere was minimal change in nearly all of the variables collected during the at sea time blocks. Collecting data in a dynamic environment poses a number of challenges; however, it also provides the opportunity to contextualize the data from a macroenvironmental perspective and allows for an identification of factors which contribute to a change in fatigue. Future studies should strive to include vessel/workspace environmental data whenever possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":" ","pages":"195-205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148707346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression and anxiety among seafarers in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Hugo Andres Rojas Aldieri, Cory Ochs, James Valcour, Jennifer M Shea, Shree Mulay, Desai Shan","doi":"10.5603/imh.104606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/imh.104606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Seafarers in the international maritime industry face longstanding mental health challenges due to the remote and demanding nature of their occupations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these challenges were exacerbated by extended contracts, limited shore leave, and restricted access to essential services ashore. This study presents the first exploration of seafarers' mental health in Canada during the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted between February and December 2022 utilizing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale for anxiety. Eligible participants were those who worked in Canadian waters since the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 581 participants, 31.8% screened positive for anxiety and 39.4% for depression. Despite the high prevalence of symptoms, 77.2% to 80.8% reported good to excellent self-perceived mental health, indicating the need to interpret findings through a dual-continuum perspective that considers mental health and mental illness as distinct yet interconnected constructs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings underscore the necessity for proactive policy interventions to enhance mental health promotion in the maritime industry. By advocating for a dual-continuum approach that incorporates both mental illness and mental health, this study contributes to the growing recognition of mental health as a critical component of seafarers' overall well-being and productivity. Adapting Canadian mental health policies could improve the well-being and retention of a workforce essential to the national and international maritime industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":"77 2","pages":"126-136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of DCS risk factors in recreational diving: multifactorial model based on the DAN DSL Database 2024.","authors":"Alessandro Marroni, Jacek Kot, Massimo Pieri, Riccardo Pelliccia, Costantino Balestra","doi":"10.5603/imh.108038","DOIUrl":"10.5603/imh.108038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recreational diving creates risk for decompression sickness (DCS), which can occur in SCUBA diving even if current decompression algorithms are respected. The aim of this study was to identify the primary risk factors for decompression sickness in real-world regular recreational diving.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This study analyzed 127,957 dives from 5,907 divers in the DAN DSL database (version 07/2024) to identify independent risk factors for DCS in recreational diving.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Decompression sickness was reported in 628 dives, yielding an incidence rate of 0.49%. The most critical predictor was the DAN Surface Supersaturation Gradient (DSSG), with significantly higher median values in DCS dives (0.866) compared to non-DCS dives (0.743, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression identified 12 independent predictors of DCS, including DSSG (logarithmic effect on odds ratio [OR]), leading compartment, female gender (OR = 4.63), lower BMI classification (OR = 0.85), reduced number of repetitive dives (OR = 0.94 per dive), shorter surface intervals (OR = 0.96 per hour), greater gas count (OR = 2.87), exercise before diving (OR = 2.06), perceived thermal comfort (OR = 2.83), workload during dive (OR = 1.61), technical dive purpose (OR = 1.36), and pre-dive fatigue perception (protective, OR = 0.30). The model showed excellent discrimination with an area under the ROC curve of 0.910 and Somer's D = 0.8287. Notably, dives using more than one gas mixture and those performed by females carried substantially increased DCS risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study confirms that both physiological and operational factors influence DCS risk and provides a basis for personalized risk prediction tools in recreational diving.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":"77 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schistosomiasis in a child presenting with atypical spinal lesions in a non-endemic country - a case report.","authors":"Jakub Niestępski, Hanna Żarnowska-Prymek, Anna Rawska, Maria Pokorska-Śpiewak, Magdalena Pluta, Magdalena Marczyńska","doi":"10.5603/imh.104238","DOIUrl":"10.5603/imh.104238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis is an uncommon disease in European countries, such as Poland. However, the rare occurrence of this disease in the modern era, which is characterized by increased opportunities for migration, may start to pose a risk over time due to the diagnosis of this condition in patients who have imported it from its endemic areas. We report the case of a 9-year-old boy of Cameroonian origin who recently resided in Poland and who presented with recurrent hematuria, abdominal pain, and eosinophilia. Persistent symptoms and comprehensive diagnostics revealed Schistosoma haematobium infection, confirmed by the detection of eggs in urine sediment. In addition, imaging tests revealed renal asymmetry, calcium lesions in one of the ureters, and spinal lesions that are not characteristic of the Schistosoma infection. The patient was treated with two courses of praziquantel, resulting in clinical improvement and absence of S. haematobium eggs in the follow-up urine test.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":" ","pages":"120-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular hospitalizations among Danish seafarers: a nationwide register study.","authors":"Anna Uhd Bøge, Sören Möller, Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen, Lisa Loloma Froholdt, Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt","doi":"10.5603/imh.106320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/imh.106320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, influenced by several risk factors. Seafarers are exposed to CVD risk factors due to their working environment and lifestyle. We investigated hospitalizations among seafarers compared with the Danish working population.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This register-based cohort study used Danish nationwide registers. Seafarers aged 18-64 years were compared to the working population for all-cause and CVD inpatient hospitalizations between 1994 and 2016. Negative binomial regression, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, birth cohort, and education, provided incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Further analyses included specific diagnoses and type of seafarer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Male seafarers had increased rates of all-cause (IRR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.04-1.07) and CVD (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06-1.14) hospitalizations. The CVD associations persisted among those working on passenger ferries (IRR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.18-1.34) and cargo ships (IRR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12). Further analysis revealed increased hospitalizations among male seafarers for pulmonary heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, diseases in arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, and diseases in veins, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. Overall, female seafarers did not have increased hospitalization rates but females working on passenger ferries had an increased all-cause hospitalization rate (IRR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08), while those on cargo ships had a decreased rate (IRR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.98).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Male seafarers had higher hospitalization rates than the reference population, whereas the pattern varied among female seafarers.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":"77 2","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription patterns in the treatment of acutely ill seafarers over a three-year observation period.","authors":"Hrønn Thorsteinsdottir, Line Emilie Lilholm Laugesen, Jan Vork, Kimmo Herttua, Lisa Loloma Froholdt, Peter Biesenbach","doi":"10.5603/imh.105831","DOIUrl":"10.5603/imh.105831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The provision of healthcare for seafarers is challenging due to their isolated working conditions and limited access to healthcare. Telemedical maritime assistance relies on pre-stocked medical chests aboard vessels. However, the contents of these medical chests are not globally standardized, and current data on prescription patterns is limited.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted, analyzing medical records from ships that received telemedical assistance between 2021 and 2023. Data were obtained from medical reports submitted by onboard medical officers and an internal medical record registry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 9,458 individual patients received medical assistance, and 11,698 medications were prescribed. The mean patient age was 38.7 years (range 0-91 years), and patients aged 30-49 years were the most likely to receive medication. Merchant ships were the most common type of vessel requiring medical assistance, and they also had the highest probability for drug prescriptions. Approximately 80% of patients were prescribed medications, and patients required on average 1.24 prescriptions (range 0-6). A total of 266 individual types of medication were available for prescription. Overall, patient demographics and prescription patterns did not change over the three-year period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prescription patterns in the treatment of acutely ill seafarers are highly variable due to excessive availability of different drugs. The rare use of certain medications suggests potential inefficiencies in the stock management of medical chests, warranting further evaluation. These findings underscore theneed for standardizing medical chests based on a data-driven approach. Medication use in telemedical care of seafarers is frequent but highly variable. A data-driven standardization of medical chests may improve efficiency and ensure availability of essential drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":"77 2","pages":"88-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Polish travellers admitted at the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Poland, 2024-2025.","authors":"Krzysztof Korzeniewski","doi":"10.5603/imh.111379","DOIUrl":"10.5603/imh.111379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Poland, a Central European country with the population of 37.5 million and a steadily improving economic situation, has experienced a continuous increase in the number of international travels, exceeding 15 million annually. The aim of this article was to profile Polish travellers seeking pre-departure advice between 2024 and 2025 at the largest diagnostic and treatment center for tropical and travel medicine in Poland.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This retrospective study was based on the analysis of medical records of patients seeking pre-travel consultations at the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Poland. The dataset included 2,197 visits recorded in 2024 and 3,073 visits in 2025. The analysis focused on the following variables: age, sex, and travel-related characteristics, including purpose of travel, duration of stay, month of departure, and planned destinations by continent and country. The scope of preventive measures recommended or administered during consultations, including immunoprophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis, was also evaluated. Additionally, the health status of patients presenting to the travel medicine centre was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients seeking pre-travel advice were predominantly aged 18-35 years (49.5%) in 2024 vs. 46-65 years (50.5%) in 2025. Most of the examined patients travelled for tourism purposes, typically for up to 4 weeks, with departures most frequently planned for November, January, and February. The majority of travellers intended to visit Asia and Africa, most commonly Thailand (22.3% in 2024, 21.0% in 2025), Vietnam, Kenya, Indonesia, Tanzania, and India. The most frequently administered immunoprophylaxis included vaccinations against typhoid fever, hepatitis A, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis/poliomyelitis and rabies. Other commonly recommended preventive measures included insect repellents, sunscreen, antidiarrheal medications, antimalarial drugs, and antithrombotic agents. Analysis of patient interviews showed that 41.4% of travellers admitted at the UCMTM in 2024 had underlying medical conditions. In contrast, among patients presenting for pre-travel consultations in 2025, as many as 62.0% reported various health problems. The most commonly reported medical conditions included allergies, thyroid disorders, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and gastrointestinal diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A substantial proportion of Polish travellers visit destinations associated with an increased risk of infectious diseases. At the same time, due to the ageing of the Polish population, individuals aged 46-65 travel more frequently, including patients with chronic diseases or disorders. Providing professional medical advice during pre-travel consultations plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of travel-related health problems and improving overall travel safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":"77 1","pages":"50-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational health and safety compliance in Turkish fishing vessels: a regulatory assessment.","authors":"Veli Cem Peker, Yaşar Özvarol","doi":"10.5603/imh.106749","DOIUrl":"10.5603/imh.106749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Commercial fishing remains one of the most hazardous occupations globally, with smallscale fleets exhibiting persistent safety challenges. In Türkiye, fishing operations are characterized by low regulatory compliance, insufficient training, and fatigue-related risks.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study assessed occupational health and safety (OHS) compliance levels among Turkish fishing vessel crews and identified key predictors of safety outcomes across vessel size categories.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted (June-August 2018) across Türkiye's Aegean, Marmara, and Black Sea regions, involving 356 crew members from 180 vessels. Data collection included structured questionnaires, observational checklists, and interviews. Analyses employed descriptive statistics, χ² tests, independent t-tests, and multiple linear regression (SPSS v26).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of all participants, 38.8% reported at least one occupational accident in the past year. The most frequent injuries were cuts (12.9%), falls (9.3%), and equipment-related trauma (5.9%). The main contributing factors were the hasty work pace in the workplace (52.2%), inadequate training (28.9%), and fatigue due to long working hours (19.0%). PPE compliance was low at 18%, and only 27% of participants had received formal safety training. A significant association was found between vessel size and accident occurrence (χ² = 12.45, p = 0.002), with smaller vessels having a significantly higher accident risk than larger vessels. Workers involved in accidents reported longer working hours (M = 14.3, SD = 1.8) than their counterparts (M = 13.1, SD = 2.2; p < 0.001). Regression analysis identified formal training (β = 0.35, p < 0.001), education level (β = 0.21, p < 0.001), and vessel size (β = 0.14, p = 0.01) as significant predictors of OHS compliance (R² = 0.29).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Occupational health and safety compliance in Türkiye's fishing sector remains inadequate, particularly for small-scale vessels. Prioritizing training expansion, work-hour regulations, and targeted support for high-risk fleets is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":45964,"journal":{"name":"International Maritime Health","volume":"77 1","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}