Cogent Environmental Science最新文献

{"title":"Climate change commitments and agriculture sectoral strategies in Cameroon: Interplay and perspectives","authors":"E. Chia, Sufo R Kankeu, D. Hubert","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2019.1625740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2019.1625740","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cameroon like other developing countries is developing approaches to respond to national and global climate change adaptation and mitigation commitments. Sufficient information on the interplay between sector policies and the causes, impacts and response to climate change is relevant for developing sustainable climate change response plans. Using the agriculture sector as a case, this paper examines this interplay in the context of the humid forest zone (HFZ) of Cameroon. Drawing on secondary information from agriculture sector strategies, forest cover change, climate vulnerability and agriculture systems in the HFZ, we found that: (i) the objectives of agriculture expansion and avoided deforestation and forest degradation are at cross-roads; (ii) agriculture as a livelihood strategy is vulnerable to climate variability and change; (iii) strengthening agriculture production systems technically, materially and financially are main suggestions for climate resilient and low carbon emission agriculture practices. We highlight barriers that need to be addressed for the agriculture intensification mechanism, i.e. the agriculture research and extension services in Cameroon to respond to the needs of adaptation and carbon emission reductions from avoided deforestation. These barriers and others would be addressed if their financial, technology and capacity building needs are carefully evaluated as Cameroon mobilizes resources for the implementation of its National Determined Contributions.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2019.1625740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47751324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and food and nutrition security in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso Bekwai district in the Western Region of Ghana","authors":"A. Armah, C. Nti, G. Otoo","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2019.1681613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2019.1681613","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Climate change has the potential to increase food insecurity and exacerbate malnutrition in small-scale farming households through its impacts on crop yield and income. Using a mixed-methods design, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso Bekwai District in the Western Region of Ghana among 210 farming households with the objective of finding associations between climate change and food and nutrition security in small-scale farming households. Results from the quantitative study showed that 72% of the participants had perceived changes in weather patterns. Majority (94%) of the participants were food insecure and households that had perceived climate change were 11 times more likely to be food insecure than those that had not (p = 0.001). Results from the qualitative study showed that participants had observed less predictable weather patterns which had negative impacts on crop yield, food security and dietary diversity. The study recommended educating and encouraging farmers to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices and other modern technologies to enhance crop production and livelihood of small-scale farmers as well as food and nutrition security within the district.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2019.1681613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46002330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geospatial-temporal, demographic, and programmatic adoption characteristics of a large-scale water filter and improved cookstove intervention in Western Province, Rwanda","authors":"Katie Fankhauser, C. Nagel, C. Barstow, M. Kirby, Evan A. Thomas","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2019.1625481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2019.1625481","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lowering the global disease burden of preventable disease has been addressed in part by the distribution of health products and behavior change campaigns in low-income countries. Realizing a health impact requires adoption by participants, and the topic of program uptake and sustained adoption has been studied extensively, although an ecological context is largely missing from existing work. This study characterizes self-reported and observed adoption of improved cookstoves and point-of-use water filters among nearly 80,000 households in Rwanda using demographic and programmatic variables from implementer surveys and integration of geospatial and temporal data based on differentiated recipient location. The odds of stove or filter adoption were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equation logistic regression modeling. Administrative district, rural residency, elevation, social networks, socioeconomic category, family composition, education delivery, technological factors, and use of the accompanying technology in the combined intervention were significantly associated with the odds of adoption of either the stove or filter. Population density, precipitation, anisotropic travel time to services, and timing of the health campaign largely showed no significant relationship with adoption. This research promotes the inclusion of geospatial and temporal data in designing and evaluating other public health interventions by successfully leveraging an ecological explanation of adoption decisions.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2019.1625481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48402869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of the effects of five Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) strains on cabbage moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)","authors":"A. Batcho, Mohsin Ali, Adeyinka Olawale Samuel, K. Shehzad, B. Rashid","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2018.1477542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1477542","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Food production is adversely affected by numerous biotic and abiotic factors that lead to reduction in yield and poor quality of the food products. Use of commercially synthetic pesticides was the most common method for pest control in many agricultural crops during recent decades. These synthetic chemicals have effects on all living organism when they consume such crops treated with pesticides. This research attempted is a green regulation technology as an alternative method to control cabbage moth Plutella xylostella towards the reduction of release of toxic chemical and residue. Virulence studies on different strains (Bb6, Bb11, Bb115, Bb116 and Bb362) of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) were evaluated. Various doses at 0 (control) 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 and 109 conidies ml−1 of five strains were applied topically on the third stage larvae of P. xylostella. Different parameters of larvae were measured in terms of mortality, sporulation rates, the number of pupae that emerged as adult, number of eggs laid between survived adults and the survival rate of larvae were examined at different doses, statistical analysis was performed using Cox-regression. We found that Bb11 strain of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) produced highest virulence compared to other strains at 109 conidia/ml while, Bb6 strains showed lower virulence effect at 109 conidia/ml as compared to control dose. Due to the larvicidal effect of different fungus strains, the percentage weight of female adult decreased significantly as compare to the control.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2018.1477542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44981568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variable selection methods for water demand forecasting in Ethiopia: Case study Gondar town","authors":"M. Gedefaw, W. Hao, Denghua Yan, A. Girma","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2018.1537067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1537067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study developed variable selection methods to forecast urban water demand of Gondar town. Seven variable selection methods are adopted to develop appropriate water demand forecasting model. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate in identifying the optimal predictor variable for developing the water demand forecasting model. The results showed that PCA played a big role to identify the influential variables in modeling of water demand in a better way as compared to other statistical methods. We developed three models to forecast the demand of water in the study area. This study selected Model 1 since Model 1 gives accurate results as compared to Model 2 and Model 3.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2018.1537067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42622423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of aerosol loading in urban and suburban locations: Impact on atmospheric extinction","authors":"N. Onyeuwaoma, T. Chineke, O. Nwofor, Ian C Crandell, Olushina Olawale Awe Awe, Ajileye Olasumbo, Alexander Iheanyichukwu Opara, Nwachukwu Pius, M. Tochukwu, Nwachukwu Joy","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2018.1480333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1480333","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study of atmospheric aerosols remains a very strong factor in the understanding of the Earth’s climate and predicting the air quality within any given environment. In view of this, analysis of aerosol characteristics measured using AERONET sun photometer, MODIS, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization, AIRS and TOMS/OMI sensors, over six distinctly different environments in Nigeria for a period of 10 years was carried out. The results revealed significant regional and temporal variation. It showed that different aerosol types impact differently on atmospheric extinction properties. The result further revealed that aerosol loading peaks in the south and middle belt regions during the dry season (November–March), while the reverse was the case in the north during the rainy season (April–October). It was found out that coarse aerosols prevail all year round within these regions, with the rate of occurrence varying with season. The range of the ratio of coarse-to-fine aerosol was found to be as high as 19:1 during the rainy season in Sokoto and Maiduguri, and 3:1 during the dry season. In Abuja and Ilorin, it ranged from 13:1 to 2:1 in both seasons. The atmospheric extinction values plotted against relative humidity (RH) showed that extinction grows at very low RH of about 45% in a less anthropogenic polluted environment (north), while a RH of 60% and above is required for growth to take place in a more polluted environment in the south. This implies that the use of rain water for drinking and other domestic purposes should be done with caution.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2018.1480333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47706080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public policy and technology choices for municipal solid waste management a recent case in Lebanon","authors":"M. Chalhoub","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2018.1529853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1529853","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a natural accrual in various communities resulting from daily activities, which offers challenges and opportunities. Developed countries lean towards “upstream avoidance” type of solutions, while less developed countries use “downstream remediation” solutions. In between these two options, many hybrid solutions involve triage and final disposal of post-treated reduced MSW mass. The aim of the present article is to briefly review the evolution of policies related to MSW, to address an illustrative case of a recent crisis in Lebanon, and to present the development of a multivariate analysis model on public attitudes towards MSW management. It explores incineration with air pollution control and energy recovery. Non-incineration solutions, including anaerobic digestion, may be more appealing provided the full process, its byproducts and risks, are better understood. Furthermore, the latter solution requires a higher level of investment, expertise, continuous quality improvement and supervision, especially in light of public management weaknesses in less developed countries. A multivariate linear regression analysis model is developed and presented to describe public attitudes regarding MSW management. Linear regression was used to model a direct relationship between a response variable and several explanatory variables. A simplifying assumption is made to test the attractiveness of incineration with energy recovery (IER) including a process for air pollution control. In the multivariate analysis, the dependent variable is a composite index that describes the extent to which respondents agree with a potential IER solution. The independent variables include (1) the extent of public awareness-building about upstream triage, (2) privatization, (3) quality management in daily operations, (4) challenges in implementation and (5) reliability of public management authorities. The multivariate analysis showed that there is a statistically significant and positive correlation with a requisite quality in daily operations, and in technological upfront investment. It showed a statistically significant and negative correlation with the reliability of public management and privatization. As for public awareness about upstream household level triage, there was no statistically significant correlation. This last result seems counter-intuitive, but it may be due to the fact that respondents have low expectations about the impact of their actions on government decisions. The general public, faced with socio-economic problems, may not see household triage as a determining factor. Public perception is that triage ends up with a MSW collection and transport with a mixed dumping at final destination. The analysis shows that prevention is preferred to remediation and that it requires supporting public policies to make it practical, especially in less developed countries. Bio-processes are well-accepted and may become part of the loca","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2018.1529853","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban households’ demand for improved solid waste management service in Bahir Dar city: A contingent valuation study","authors":"Birara Endalew, K. Tassie","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2018.1426160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1426160","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Primary data from 350 households were collected to assess the solid waste management system of Bahir Dar city, to elicit urban households’ willingness to pay for improved solid waste management service and to analyze factors affecting urban households’ willingness to pay. The survey result indicated that 22% of the respondents were satisfied with the existing waste management service. Whereas, only 29% of the sample households received solid waste management services based on weekly plan of the city municipality. The contingent valuation result revealed that the mean willingness to pay is 13 ETB per month which is higher than the monthly flat fee of urban households. The model result demonstrated that education level of household head, monthly aggregate income, access to solid waste management service, disease outbreak, number of children and quantity of waste generated per week had statistically significant positive effect on households’ willingness to pay. But sex of the household head had statistically significant negative effect on households’ willingness to pay. The implications of the findings are that the municipality of Bahir Dar city should consider the demand of households for improved solid waste management service and these significant variables to design and implement improved solid waste management services.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2018.1426160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45657504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multipollutant evaluation of APEX using microenvironmental ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations measured in Los Angeles by the exposure classification project.","authors":"Ted R Johnson,&nbsp;John E Langstaff,&nbsp;Stephen Graham,&nbsp;Eric M Fujita,&nbsp;David E Campbell","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2018.1453022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1453022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper describes an operational evaluation of the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Air Pollution Exposure Model (APEX). APEX simulations for a multipollutant ambient air mixture, i.e. ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter 2.5 microns in diameter or less (PM_2.5), were performed for two seasons in three study areas in central Los Angeles. APEX predicted microenvironmental concentrations were compared with concentrations of these three pollutants monitored in the Exposure Classification Project (ECP) study during the same periods. The ECP was designed expressly for evaluating exposure models and measured concentrations inside and outside 40 microenvironments. This evaluation study identifies important uncertainties in APEX inputs and model predictions useful for guiding further exposure model input data and algorithm development efforts. This paper also presents summaries of the concentrations in the different microenvironments.</p>","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2018.1453022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36517564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental geochemistry and ecological risk assessment of potentially harmful elements in tropical semi-arid soils around the Bagassi South artisanal gold mining site, Burkina Faso","authors":"A. Sako, M. Nimi","doi":"10.1080/23311843.2018.1543565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1543565","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates geochemistry and ecological risk of artisanal gold mining-derived potentially harmful elements in semi-arid soils in Burkina Faso. R-mode factor analysis, which reduces the variables (elements) to few factors, was applied to explain the dominant variance in the data. Three factors, which account 80% of the total variance, described differences in soil geochemistry resulting from anthropogenic and geogenic sources. High loadings of factor 1 on As, Au, Bi, Cd, Hg, Mo, Pb, Sb, Te, W and Zn suggest that the artisanal gold mining was the most important factor controlling the soil geochemistry. Factor 2 had high loadings on Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sc, Sr, Tl and V, representing their geogenic origin. With high loadings on Ca, Mg, S and La, factor 3 describes contribution of biogeochemical cycling to the elements’ abundance in the soils. Lead isotope compositions identified atmospheric deposition as the main source of Pb in farmland soils, whereas topsoil and soil profiles were primarily influenced by the mining activities. Mercury, As and, to a lesser degree, Cd posed the most serious ecological threat to the soils collected around the mining site relative to those of the farmland. Based on the findings of this study, a best pollution control plan of potentially harmful element loadings into soils is urgently required around artisanal gold mining sites across the country.","PeriodicalId":45615,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23311843.2018.1543565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44954342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}