Studies in Economics and Finance最新文献

{"title":"Economic tides and merger waves: insights from a long-run perspective","authors":"Tilahun Emiru, Sara Weisblatt","doi":"10.1108/sef-09-2023-0566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-09-2023-0566","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This study aims to examine the long-run relationship between macroeconomic and financial conditions and the aggregate number of mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;As) in the USA, drawing on data spanning from 1928 to 2019.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The study estimated a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) encompassing four variables: the aggregate number of M&amp;As, industrial production, the rates on three-month U.S. treasury bills and the closing price of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>There exists a long-run relationship among the four variables. An increase in industrial production is associated with a fall in M&amp;A transactions, reflecting a tendency for M&amp;A waves to start during economic downturns. Similarly, contractionary monetary policy, which often happens during good economic and financial times, leads to a decline in M&amp;A activity. When the equilibrium among the four variables is disrupted, the aggregate number of M&amp;As, along with financial conditions, works to restore the equilibrium.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the long-run relationship between macroeconomic and financial conditions using data spanning nearly a century.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflation persistence: new evidence across US metro areas","authors":"Nicholas Apergis","doi":"10.1108/sef-03-2024-0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-03-2024-0135","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The purpose of this paper is to explore the degree of inflation persistence across all US metro areas over the post-pandemic period.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>Both the Multivariate Core Trend (MCT) model and a fractional integration model, that is the Multivariate Unobserved-Components Stochastic Volatility Outlier-adjusted (MUCSVO) model are estimated.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The findings provide clear evidence of a significant inflation persistence in ten metro areas and the absence of persistence in the remaining areas, implying that in the former areas, inflation clearly indicates a strong persistent pattern. In other words, in these ten areas, the persistent component dominates the evolution of the trend and stands as a significant driver of inflation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Research limitations/implications</h3>\u0000<p>The findings have important implications for US policymakers to consider implementing more targeted policies to address inflation in specific metro areas to reduce the overall inflation rate, or they may need to consider tailoring fiscal policies to address inflationary pressures in specific metro areas. The findings illustrate the need for targeted policy interventions to address inflationary pressures in specific areas, as well as the importance of understanding the drivers of inflation persistence to develop effective policy responses. The findings also provide insights to firms on how to mitigate the risks of inflation. They may need to diversify their products or supplier base so that they do not rely on areas experiencing persistent inflation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This paper contributes to the literature by extending the discussion of the impact of the recent pandemic crisis on US regional inflation. The findings have important implications for US policymakers to consider implementing more targeted policies to address inflation in specific metro areas to reduce the overall inflation rate, or they may need to consider tailoring fiscal policies to address inflationary pressures in specific metro areas. The findings illustrate the need for targeted policy interventions to address inflationary pressures in specific areas, as well as the importance of understanding the drivers of inflation persistence to develop effective policy responses. The findings also provide insights to firms on how to mitigate the risks of inflation. They may need to diversify their products or supplier base so that they do not rely on areas experiencing persistent inflation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interrelations between bitcoin market sentiment, crude oil, gold, and the stock market with bitcoin prices: Vision from the hedging market","authors":"Guanghao Wang, Chenghao Liu, Erwann Sbai, M. Sheng, Jinhong Hu, Miaomiao Tao","doi":"10.1108/sef-03-2024-0137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-03-2024-0137","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u0000The purpose of this study is to examine Bitcoin's price behavior across market conditions, focusing on the influence of Bitcoin's historical prices, news sentiment and market indicators like oil prices, gold and the S&P index. The authors also assess the stability of Bitcoin-inclusive hedging portfolios under different market conditions, for example, bearish, bullish and moderate market states.\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study uses the Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag model to explore the effects of different factors on Bitcoin's prices across various market situations. This method allows for a detailed analysis of historical trends, investor expectations and external market influences on Bitcoin's price movements and systematic stability.\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Key findings reveal historical prices and investor expectations significantly influence Bitcoin in all market scenarios, with news sentiment exhibiting substantial volatility. This study indicates that oil prices have minimal impacts on Bitcoin, whereas gold is a stabilizing asset in bear markets, with the S&P index influencing short-term fluctuations. At the same time, Bitcoin's volatility varies with market conditions, proving more efficient as a hedging tool in bear and stable markets than in bull ones.\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study highlights the intrinsic correlation between Bitcoin's prices, news sentiment and financial market indicators, enhancing understanding of Bitcoin's market dynamics. The authors demonstrate Bitcoin's weak direct correlation with commodities like oil, the stabilizing role of gold in crypto portfolios and the stock market's indirect effect on Bitcoin prices. By examining these factors' impacts across various market conditions, the findings offer strategies for investors to improve hedging and portfolio management in cryptocurrency markets.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: The future of financial and investment management","authors":"On Kit Tam, Bin Liu","doi":"10.1108/sef-04-2024-676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-04-2024-676","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141228766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In what way can worldwide robotics and artificial intelligence encourage development in green crypto investments? An implementation of a model-free connectedness technique","authors":"Le Thanh Ha","doi":"10.1108/sef-11-2023-0668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-11-2023-0668","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This study aims to investigate connections between the development of robotic and artificial intelligence (AI) and green crypto investments. The author also explores the influences of global uncertainty shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic and international conflicts on the role of each channel.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>In this research, the author uses a cutting-edge model-free connectedness approach to investigate the relationships between the development of Global X Robotics and AI (BOTZ) and the volatility of green crypto investments from November 9, 2017 to March 24, 2023.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>In the sample duration, the findings reveal a two-way link between AI and green/nongreen cryptocurrencies. Throughout the examined period, BOTZ has been a net receiver of shocks as determined by the net total connectedness. Among the main spillover shock carriers in the system, green cryptocurrencies are the most significant. The net pairwise directional connectivity reveals that green cryptocurrencies controlled BOTZ throughout the analyzed time, particularly during the COVID-19 era as well as the Ukraine–Russia crisis. According to the findings, the proposed system is vulnerable to a high level of indication influence.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>The results have important policy implications for investors and governments, as well as methods from the spillovers across the various indicators and their interconnections. Sharp information on the primary contagions among these indicators aids politicians in designing the most appropriate policies.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to look at the link between AI, technological advancement and green cryptocurrency investing. Second, this study developed a methodology for examining instability links between various factors that is more appropriate for investigating these linkages. This study investigates the links between AI, technical advancement and green digital currencies using a cutting-edge model-free connectivity method. This work is also the first to examine the interconnection between volatility derived from AI, technological development and green cryptocurrency investments in light of unknown events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian–Russian conflict. Finally, this study includes a daily database from the BOTZ fund, which attempts to invest in firms that stand to gain from rising robotics and AI use. Cardano (ADA), IOTA, NANO (XNO), Stellar Lumens and Tron are examples of green cryptocurrencies, whereas Bitcoin is an example of a nongreen cryptocurrency. These virtual currencies are being used to investigate the relationship between investor mood and green and nongreen digital currencies. The data set spans the period from November 9, 2017 to March 24, 2023.</p><!--/ Abstra","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESG, innovation, and economic growth: an empirical evidence","authors":"Siti Nurazira Mohd Daud, Nur Syazwina Ghazali, Nur Hafizah Mohammad Ismail","doi":"10.1108/sef-11-2023-0692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-11-2023-0692","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This paper aims to examine the relationships among environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices, innovation and economic growth in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2020.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The study innovatively constructed the ESG index at the country level by using frequency statistics on text mining and factor analysis for each country over time. In addition, this study used the autoregressive distributed lag method to establish a long-term relationship.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The authors discovered that ESG practices among corporate entities significantly impact economic growth in Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. Specifically, the environmental component positively affects the growth of Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines, while the governance components of ESG contribute to Thailand’s economic growth. The authors also discovered that innovation improves countries’ economic growth, thus offering policy insights into promoting ESG practices and stimulating the ecosystem for innovation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The paper fills the gap left in previous inconclusive findings on the association between ESG practices and country growth.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141150660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is there a time-varying nexus between stock market liquidity and informational efficiency? – A cross-regional evidence","authors":"Subhamitra Patra, G. Hiremath","doi":"10.1108/sef-12-2022-0558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-12-2022-0558","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to measure the degree of volatility comovement between stock market liquidity and informational efficiency across Asia, Europe, North-South America, Africa, and the Pacific Ocean over three decades. In particular, the authors analyze the extent of the time-varying nexus between different aspects of stock market liquidity and multifractal scaling properties of the stock return series across various regions and diversified market conditions. This study further investigates several factors altering the degree of dynamic conditional correlations (DCCs) between the efficiency and liquidity of the domestic stock markets.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The study measures five aspects of stock market liquidity – tightness, depth, breadth, immediacy, and adjusted immediacy. The authors evaluate the multifractal scaling properties of the stock return series to measure the level of stock market efficiency across the regions and diversified market conditions. The study uses the dynamic conditional correlation-multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity framework to quantify the degree of volatility comovement between liquidity and efficiency over the period.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The study finds the presence of stronger volatility comovement between inefficiency and illiquidity due to the price impact characteristics of the stock markets irrespective of different regions and diversified market conditions. The extent of time-variation increased following the shock periods, indicating the significant role of the financial crisis in increasing the volatility comovement between inefficiency and illiquidity. The highest degree of time-varying correlation is observed in the developed stock markets of Northwestern and Northern Europe compared to the regional and emerging counterparts. On the other hand, weak DCCs are observed in the emerging stock markets of Europe.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The output of the present study assists investors in identifying diversification opportunities across the regions. Additionally, the study has significant implications for market regulators, aiding in predicting future troughs and peaks. The prediction, in turn, helps formulate capital market development plans during dynamic economic situations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic connectedness among market volatilities: a perspective of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine conflict","authors":"Prince Kumar Maurya, Rohit Bansal, Anand Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1108/sef-01-2024-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-01-2024-0029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to investigate the dynamic volatility connectedness among 13 G20 countries by using the volatility indices.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The connectedness approach based on the time-varying parameter vector autoregression model has been used to investigate the linkage. The period of study is from 1 January 2014 to 20 April 2023.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000This analysis revealed that volatility connectedness among the countries during COVID-19 and Russia–Ukraine conflict had increased significantly. Furthermore, analysis has indicated that investors had not anticipated the World Health Organization announcement of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Contrarily, investors had anticipated the Russian invasion of Ukraine, evident in a significant rise in volatility before and after the invasion. In addition, the transmission of volatility is from developed to developing countries. Developed countries are NET volatility transmitters, whereas developing countries are NET volatility receivers. Finally, the ordinary least square regression result suggests that the volatility connectedness index is informative of stock market dynamics.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The connectedness approach has been widely used to estimate the dynamic connectedness among market indices, cryptocurrencies, sectoral indices, enegy commodities and metals. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, none of the previous studies have directly used the volatility indices to measure the volatility connectedness. Hence, this study is the first of its kind that has used volatility indices to measure the volatility connectedness among the countries.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140693499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of the Russia–Ukraine war and the Wagner Group coup on defense stocks in Europe: an event study analysis","authors":"Svetoslav Covachev, Gergely Fazakas","doi":"10.1108/sef-11-2023-0675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-11-2023-0675","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This study aims to examine the impact of the beginning of the Russia–Ukraine war and the Wagner Group’s attempted military coup against Putin’s regime on the European defense sector, consisting of weapons manufacturers.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The authors use the event study methodology to quantify the impact. That is, the authors assume that markets are efficient, and abnormal stock returns around the event dates capture the magnitudes of the impacts of the two events studied on European defense sector companies. The authors use the capital asset pricing model and two different multifactor models to estimate expected stock returns, which serve as the benchmark necessary to obtain abnormal returns.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The start of the war on February 24, 2022, when the Russian forces invaded Ukraine, was followed by high positive abnormal returns of up to 12% in the next few days. The results are particularly strong if multiple factors are used to control for the risk of the defense stocks. Conversely, the authors find a negative impact of the rebellion initiated by the mercenary Wagner Group’s chief, Yevgeny Prigozhin, on June 23, 2023, on the abnormal returns of defense industry stocks on the first trading day after the event.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on the defense sector. Furthermore, this is the first study to measure the financial implications of the military coup initiated by the Wagner Group. The findings contribute to a rapidly growing literature on the financial implications of military conflicts around the world.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How is the ECB’s quantitative easing transmitted to the financial markets?","authors":"Donia Aloui, Abderrazek Ben Maatoug","doi":"10.1108/sef-02-2022-0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-02-2022-0108","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Over the last few years, the European Central Bank (ECB) has adopted unconventional monetary policies. These measures aim to boost economic growth and increase inflation through the bond market. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the ECB’s quantitative easing (QE) on the investor’s behavior in the stock market.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>First, the authors theoretically identify the transmission channels of the QE shocks to the stock market. Then, the authors empirically assess the financial market’s responses to QE shocks in a data-rich environment using a factor augmented VAR (FAVAR).</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The results show that the ECB’s unconventional monetary policy positively affects the stock market. A QE shock leads to an increase in stock prices and a drop in the realized volatility and the implied risk premium. The authors also suggest that the ECB’s QE is transmitted to the stock market through five main channels: the liquidity, the expectation, the portfolio reallocation, the interest rates and the risk premium channels.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>The findings help to better understand the behavior of stock market assets in a data-rich economic context and guide investors and policymakers in the presence of unconventional monetary tools. For instance, decision-makers and investors should consider the short-term effect of the QE interventions and the changing behavior of the financial actors over time. In addition, high stock market returns can increase risk appetite. This can lead investors to underestimate the market risk. Decision-makers and market participants should take into consideration the impact of the large injection of money through the QE, which may raise the risk of a speculative bubble in the financial market.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that incorporates a theoretical and empirical analysis to explore QE transmission to the stock market in the European context. Unlike previous studies, the authors use the shadow rate proposed by Wu and Xia (2017) to quantify the effect of the ECB’s QE in a data-rich environment. The authors also include two key risk indicators – the stock market risk premium and the realized volatility – to capture investors’ behavior in the stock market following QE shocks.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":45607,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Economics and Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}