African Journal of Laboratory Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Association of obesity with hyperuricaemia among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in South-Western Uganda.","authors":"Simon P Rugera, Hope Mudondo, Jazira Tumusiime, Rahma Udu, Ritah Kiconco, Sylvia A Lumumba, Charles N Bagenda","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2565","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hyperuricaemia is a risk factor for gout and independently predicts hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease development. While elevated uric acid levels occur in HIV patients, and weight gain is linked to dolutegravir-based therapy, data on the obesity-hyperuricaemia relationship in this population remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between obesity and hyperuricaemia among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in South-Western Uganda.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between April 2024 and June 2024, this study conducted a secondary analysis of data on uric acid level and factors associated with obesity from a 2023 cross-sectional study of HIV-positive participants. We used logistic regression to assess the factors associated with hyperuricaemia, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to assess the predictive performance of body mass index for hyperuricaemia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 328 participants, hyperuricaemia prevalence was 23.48% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.19-28.39%) higher in male participants (31.6%) than female participants (20.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.023). Overweight (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.01-4.00; <i>p</i> = 0.046), obesity (aOR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.09-5.73, <i>p</i> = 0.030), and male gender (aOR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.07-5.01, <i>p</i> = 0.033) were significantly associated with hyperuricaemia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate a relationship between hyperuricaemia and obesity in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. Nationwide studies using primary data are needed to better understand this relationship's epidemiological spread.</p><p><strong>What this study adds: </strong>This study is the first to link obesity with hyperuricaemia among HIV-positive Ugandans on antiretroviral therapy, highlighting obesity as a key metabolic complication of HIV treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"2565"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11886560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143587561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of chromogenic and cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar for identification of uropathogens in Gujarat, India.","authors":"Nisha Vadivelu, Rashmika D Parmar, Hitesh Shingala, Krunal D Mehta","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2551","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent bacterial infections, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnosis for timely treatment. Conventional culture techniques, such as cystine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar, can delay treatment and contribute to inappropriate antibiotic use. Not much is known about alternatives such as chromogenic UTI agar.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed to assess the performance of chromogenic UTI agar compared to conventional methods for identifying uropathogens, especially in polymicrobial infections, and to determine its sensitivity, specificity, time efficiency, and cost-effectiveness for UTI diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2024 to June 2024 in the Microbiology Department of M.P. Shah Government Medical College in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Urine samples from patients with suspected UTIs (<i>n</i> = 250) were processed using both chromogenic UTI agar and CLED agar. The performance of chromogenic UTI agar was assessed for pathogen identification, detection of polymicrobial infections, time to results, and cost-effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chromogenic UTI agar detected single bacterial growth in 63/250 (25.2%) samples, and mixed bacterial growth in 24/250 (9.6%) samples, whereas CLED agar showed single bacterial growth in 67/250 (26.8%) samples and mixed bacterial growth in 10/250 (4%). The chromogenic medium provided preliminary results 5.5 h earlier (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and final results 24 h earlier (<i>p</i> < 0.001) than conventional methods. Cost analysis revealed a 33% reduction per-test cost using chromogenic UTI agar (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chromogenic UTI agar demonstrated excellent performance in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of UTIs, including improved detection of polymicrobial infections.</p><p><strong>What this study adds: </strong>When it comes to diagnosing UTIs, chromogenic UTI agar has several benefits over traditional techniques, such as high accuracy, enhanced detection of polymicrobial infections, and cost-effectiveness. The research backs up the inclusion of chromogenic medium in standard UTI diagnosis procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"2551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11886582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143587565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of viral load on sample pooling for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction detection-based diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 in Nigeria.","authors":"Timan T Eliya, Elvis E Isere, Bassey Emmana, Chukwuebuka Ugwu, Jonathan Kushim, Precious Ishaku, Aisha E Ibrahim, John S Bimba","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2514","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic strained diagnostic testing capacities globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for COVID-19 detection, but limited testing resources caused bottlenecks in Nigeria's response during the pandemic. Sample pooling offers a cost-effective strategy to enhance testing capacity during future outbreaks.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study determined the maximum number of COVID-19 samples that can be pooled for RT-PCR testing in Nigeria without compromising the detection sensitivity of a single positive sample.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1222 nasopharyngeal samples from symptomatic COVID-19 patients in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, collected between March 2021 and August 2022, were retrieved from the laboratory biorepository and analysed from November 2022 to February 2023. These included five positive samples with cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from ≤ 20 to 40, and 1217 negative samples. Positive samples were pooled with negative ones at increasing dilution ratios (1:4-1:64), to assess detection sensitivity on the GeneXpert platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A positive sample with a Ct value ≤ 25 could be pooled with up to 64 negative samples while maintaining a detectable positive result. However, samples with Ct values of 36-40 could only be pooled with a maximum of eight negative samples. Higher Ct values reduced pooling effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sample pooling is a feasible method for scaling up COVID-19 RT-PCR testing in resource-limited settings like Nigeria. The Ct value is critical in determining optimal pool sizes for accurate detection.</p><p><strong>What this study adds: </strong>The findings provide critical guidelines for determining the optimal pool sizes based on Ct values, aiding in effective COVID-19 testing strategies. By optimising sample pooling based on viral load, health authorities can improve their response to future COVID-19 outbreaks and similar public health emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"2514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11886559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143587569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow cytometric characterisation of acute leukaemia in adolescent and adult Ethiopians.","authors":"Jemal Alemu, Balako Gumi, Aster Tsegaye, Abdulaziz Sherif, Fisihatsion Tadesse, Amha Gebremedhin, Rawleigh Howe","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2394","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v14i1.2394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Flow cytometric characterisation of acute leukaemia is a key diagnostic approach for clinical management of patients, but is minimally practised in resource-constrained settings like Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine the immunophenotypes of acute leukaemia by flow cytometry at Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescent and adult inpatients consecutively admitted from April 2019 to June 2021. Peripheral blood samples were stained for surface and cytoplasmic markers, and analysed by four-colour flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 140 cases aged 13 years to 76 years, 74 (53%) were men and 66 (47%) were women, 68 (49%) had acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), 65 (46 %) had acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), and 7 (5.0%) had acute leukaemia non-otherwise specified. Acute lymphocytic leukaemia was more common among adolescent and male cases; AML was more common among adult and female cases. Among ALL subtypes, B-cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia cases (73.5%) were more common than T-cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia (26.5%). A subset of acute leukaemia, CD19+/CD56+ AML was identified in 3 cases (6% of AML). Of the B-cell ALL cases, 21 (42%) were CD34+/CD10+/CD66c+, 10% were CD34+/CD10+/CD66c-, 32% were CD34-/CD10+, and 6% were CD34+/CD10-. An unexpectedly high number of T-cell ALL cases that lacked surface CD3 were observed to have significantly higher levels of aberrantly expressed myeloid markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We observed multiple phenotypes identifying subtypes of acute leukaemia cases, extending our previous studies in Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>What this study adds: </strong>This study extends previous studies by describing phenotypically defined subsets of ALL and AML which, in addition to diagnosis, may have useful prognostic value for clinicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"2394"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11830883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Human Cell Atlas: Promises, recent developments, and bridging the African single-cell data gap.","authors":"Enahoro S Abhulimen","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2583","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2583","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"2583"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare waste management knowledge, attitudes and practices of laboratory workers at a regional hospital, Lesotho.","authors":"Ts'aletseng M Siimane, Motlatsi E Nts'ihlele","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2485","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Safe management of healthcare waste (HW) safeguards laboratory biosafety and biosecurity. Knowledge and attitudes influence HW practices, presenting a need for evidence of the current status.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practice of laboratory workers towards waste management at a regional hospital laboratory in Lesotho.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023 using a mixed-methods descriptive case study design. The entire population (<i>n</i> = 30) of technical and non-technical laboratory workers and generated waste were sampled. A structured questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to collect data. Waste generation was assessed by weighing and measuring waste volumes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All respondents (26/26; 100%) can define HW and (3/3) laboratory assistants (100%) gave correct responses for three questions, namely: risk associated with HW, waste container colour-coding, and disposal requirements. Knowledge on waste management responsibilities ranged between 0% (0/4) for cleaners and 54.5% (6/11) among laboratory technicians. Attitudes were mainly positive, and practices conformed in part to standard operating procedures. Infectious solid waste comprised 77% of solid HW, while 63% of chemical liquid waste emanated from the full blood count area.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Knowledge exists among workers and attitudes are predominantly positive; however, some unsafe practices continue, thus knowledge is not fully translated to safe practices. Regular training and measuring and recording of HW were recommended.</p><p><strong>What this study adds: </strong>The study contributes understanding of the status of HW knowledge, attitudes and management practices, highlighting the need for compliance monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"2485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESKAPE pathogen incidence and antibiotic resistance in patients with bloodstream infections at a referral hospital in Limpopo, South Africa, 2014-2019: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Tiyani C Mthombeni, Johanita R Burger, Martha S Lubbe, Marlene Julyan, Molebogeng R Lekalakala-Mokaba","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2519","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a paucity of research on the incidence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of <i>Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. (ESKAPE) pathogens in Africa because of the inadequate establishment of AMR surveillance systems.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study reports on the incidence and AMR of bloodstream ESKAPE pathogens at a referral hospital in northern South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective descriptive study used routinely collected bloodstream isolates (pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed using automated systems) from the South African National Health Laboratory Service, from January 2014 to December 2019. Resistant phenotypes analysed included methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> and carbapenem-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ESKAPE pathogen incidence rate was stable from 2014 to 2019 (<i>p</i> = 0.133). The most isolated pathogens were <i>S. aureus</i> (268/746; 35.9%) and <i>A. baumannii</i> (200/746; 26.8%). <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> increased from 39 isolates in 2014 to 75 in 2019 (<i>p</i> = 0.132). The incidence rate of <i>A. baumannii</i> increased from 11.9% (16/134) in 2015 to 37.8% (68/180) in 2019 (<i>p</i> = 0.009). Most isolates (417/746; 55.9%) were from the neonatal ward. Carbapenem-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i> increased from 68.8% (11/16) in 2014 to 75.0% (51/68) in 2019 (<i>p</i> = 0.009). Methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> decreased from 56.0% (14/25) in 2016 to 17.3% (13/75) in 2019 (<i>p</i> = 0.260).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Routine data provide essential information on the incidence of ESKAPE pathogens and AMR phenotypes, serving as a basis for an antibiogram, a surveillance tool in antibiotic stewardship programmes.</p><p><strong>What this study adds: </strong>The study provided local information on the incidence and AMR pattern of ESKAPE pathogens, which is essential when developing empiric treatment protocols for appropriate antibiotic prescribing and infection prevention and control practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"2519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11621878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The scourge of antimicrobial resistance: Containing a global crisis.","authors":"Rajiv T Erasmus, Chikwelu L Obi, Sajini Souda","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2645","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2645","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"2645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11621875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathobiology of HIV-related metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities: Towards a unifying mechanism.","authors":"Zohreh Jadali","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2582","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2582","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"2582"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11538354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142591838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An audit of the iron status of patients at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, in Johannesburg, South Africa.","authors":"Jurette S Grove, Siyabonga Khoza, Dineo V Mabuza, Shaida B Khan","doi":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2509","DOIUrl":"10.4102/ajlm.v13i1.2509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Iron deficiency is a common disorder, especially in developing countries. Accurately assessing iron status remains challenging, particularly for patients with chronic diseases such as HIV and chronic kidney disease, prevalent in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine how ferritin cut-offs affect iron status classification in adult patients treated at a tertiary hospital in South Africa. Additionally, it assessed the frequency of these conditions and the impact of age and gender on iron status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analysed iron profiles in adult patients from 01 October 2020 to 31 March 2021. Iron status was categorised into five groups: iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), anaemia of chronic disease, IDA with anaemia of chronic disease, iron deficiency without anaemia, and iron replete based on haemoglobin, transferrin saturation, and ferritin levels. The impact of using two different ferritin cut-off values (15 µg/L and 30 µg/L) was investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 3221 complete iron profiles. There was a predominance of female patients (2.2:1 ratio). Anaemia of chronic disease was the most prevalent iron disorder (39%), regardless of ferritin cut-off. Using a higher ferritin cut-off of 30 µg/L significantly increased the detection rates of both IDA and iron deficiency without anaemia (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that a higher ferritin threshold (30 µg/L) might improve diagnosis of iron disorders in settings with high inflammatory diseases. Further studies are needed to refine thresholds. Local guidelines should be adjusted to consider higher ferritin cut-offs, and longitudinal studies are recommended to evaluate long-term outcomes.</p><p><strong>What this study adds: </strong>This study confirms the use of higher ferritin cut-offs for enhanced detection of iron deficiency states. The findings also emphasise the ongoing need for establishing simple, standardised, and accurate methods for iron status classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":45412,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"2509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11538453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142591835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}