Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2013-07-16Print Date: 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v4i0.21288
Aziz Nather, Keng Lin Wong
{"title":"Distal amputations for the diabetic foot.","authors":"Aziz Nather, Keng Lin Wong","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v4i0.21288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.21288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Minor amputations in diabetic patients with foot complications have been well studied in the literature but controversy still remains as to what constitutes successful or non-successful limb salvage. In addition, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of a minor or distal amputation and a major or proximal amputation for the diabetic population. In this article, the authors review the existing literature to evaluate the efficacy of minor amputations in this selected group of patients in terms of diabetic limb salvage and also propose several definitions regarding diabetic foot amputations. </p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.21288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31592443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2013-05-21Print Date: 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20981
Ernst A Chantelau, Tobias Wienemann
{"title":"Pressure pain perception in the diabetic Charcot foot: facts and hypotheses.","authors":"Ernst A Chantelau, Tobias Wienemann","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reduced traumatic and posttraumatic (nociceptive) pain is a key feature of diabetic neuropathy. Underlying condition is a gradual degeneration of endings of pain nerves (A-delta fibers and C-fibers), which operate as receivers of noxious stimuli (nociceptors). Hence, the absence of A-delta fiber mediated sharp pain (\"first\" pain), and of C-fiber mediated dull pain (\"second\" pain). However, patients with diabetic neuropathy and acute Charcot foot often experience deep dull aching in the Charcot foot while walking on it.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To create a unifying hypothesis on the kind of pain in an acute Charcot foot.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Absence of punctuate (pinprick) pain perception at the sole of a Charcot foot, as was shown recently, likely corresponds to vanished intraepidermal A-delta fiber endings. C-fiber nociceptors are reduced, according to histopathology studies. Both types of fibers contribute to posttraumatic hyperalgesia at the skin level, as studies show. Their deficiencies likely impact on posttraumatic hyperalgesia at the skin level and, probably, also at the skeletal level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is hypothesised that deep dull aching in an acute diabetic Charcot foot may represent faulty posttraumatic hyperalgesia involving cutaneous and skeletal tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31454513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2013-05-21Print Date: 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20872
Nikolaos Papanas, Efstratios Maltezos
{"title":"Etiology, pathophysiology and classifications of the diabetic Charcot foot.","authors":"Nikolaos Papanas, Efstratios Maltezos","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20872","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In people with diabetes mellitus, the Charcot foot is a specific manifestation of peripheral neuropathy that may involve autonomic neuropathy with high blood flow to the foot, leading to increased bone resorption. It may also involve peripheral somatic polyneuropathy with loss of protective sensation and high risk of unrecognized acute or chronic minor trauma. In both cases, there is excess local inflammatory response to foot injury, resulting in local osteoporosis. In the Charcot foot, the acute and chronic phases have been described. The former is characterized by local erythema, edema, and marked temperature elevation, while pain is not a prominent symptom. In the latter, signs of inflammation gradually recede and deformities may develop, increasing the risk of foot ulceration. The most common anatomical classification describes five patterns, according to the localization of bone and joint pathology. This review article aims to provide a brief overview of the diabetic Charcot foot in terms of etiology, pathophysiology, and classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.20872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31454514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-02-01DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.11908
Jason B Woods, Nicholas J Lowery, Patrick R Burns
{"title":"Permanent antibiotic impregnated intramedullary nail in diabetic limb salvage: a case report and literature review.","authors":"Jason B Woods, Nicholas J Lowery, Patrick R Burns","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.11908","DOIUrl":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.11908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Managing complications after attempted hind foot and ankle arthrodesis with intramedullary nail fixation is a challenge. This situation becomes more problematic in the patient with diabetes mellitus and multiple comorbidities. Infection and subsequent osteomyelitis can be a devastating, limb threatening complication associated with these procedures. The surgeon must manage both the infectious process and the skeletal instability concurrently. This article provides a literature review and detailed management strategies for a modified technique of employing antibiotic impregnated polymethylmethacrylate-coated intramedullary nailing.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0b/a1/DFA-3-11908.PMC3284274.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40146156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-06-26DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18656
Renato Motta Neto, Miguel Angel Ansaldi, Maria Eduarda S M da Costa, Samuel Oliveira da Silva, Victor Hugo F Luz
{"title":"A case report of a multi-drug resistant bacterial infection in a diabetic patient treated in northeast Brazil.","authors":"Renato Motta Neto, Miguel Angel Ansaldi, Maria Eduarda S M da Costa, Samuel Oliveira da Silva, Victor Hugo F Luz","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18656","DOIUrl":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is one of the most critical health conditions around the world, not only in terms of the number of affected people, disability, and premature mortality, but also in regards to the health care costs involved in controlling and treating its complications. Among the most constant ailments the diabetic patient suffers is the diabetic foot, defined as any infection, ulceration, and/or necrosis of deep tissues associated with neurological abnormalities and various degrees of peripheral vascular disease of the lower limbs. Diabetic foot ulcerations have become a major and increasing public health concern and its associated morbidities, impairment of the patients' quality of life, and the implied costs for management have attracted the attention of numerous health care providers. In this case report, the authors review a unique presentation of a polymicrobial infection of a multi-drug resistant character species formed by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter lwoffii.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ca/ab/DFA-3-18656.PMC3384988.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30726852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-05-08DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18409
Kimberlee B Hobizal, Dane K Wukich
{"title":"Diabetic foot infections: current concept review.","authors":"Kimberlee B Hobizal, Dane K Wukich","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a current concept review on the diagnosis and management of diabetic foot infections which are among the most serious and frequent complications encountered in patients with diabetes mellitus. A literature review on diabetic foot infections with emphasis on pathophysiology, identifiable risk factors, evaluation including physical examination, laboratory values, treatment strategies and assessing the severity of infection has been performed in detail. Diabetic foot infections are associated with high morbidity and risk factors for failure of treatment and classification systems are also described. Most diabetic foot infections begin with a wound and once an infection occurs, the risk of hospitalization and amputation increases dramatically. Early identification of infection and prompt treatment may optimize the patient's outcome and provide limb salvage.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30610336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-06-05DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18411
Panagiotis K Karampinas, Ioannis P Stathopoulos, John Vlamis, Vasilios D Polyzois, Spyros G Pneumatikos
{"title":"Conservative treatment of an anterior-lateral ankle dislocation without an associated fracture in a diabetic patient: a case report.","authors":"Panagiotis K Karampinas, Ioannis P Stathopoulos, John Vlamis, Vasilios D Polyzois, Spyros G Pneumatikos","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anterior or anterior-lateral dislocation of the ankle is a rare condition that can be treated conservatively as well as any other similar types of ankle dislocations without associated fractures. We present a case report of an anterior-lateral ankle dislocation with a concomitant avulsion injury of the ankle's anterior capsule in a diabetic patient that was treated conservatively. At the patient's visit 12 months after the initial injury, he was asymptomatic with full range of motion of the ankle joint. To our knowledge, we could not identify this type of an injury in a diabetic patient that was treated successfully with conservative treatment in the existing literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30675682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-10-01DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18978
Alexandru V Georgescu, Ileana R Matei, Irina M Capota
{"title":"The use of propeller perforator flaps for diabetic limb salvage: a retrospective review of 25 cases.","authors":"Alexandru V Georgescu, Ileana R Matei, Irina M Capota","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peripheral vascular disease and/or diabetic neuropathy represent one of the main etiologies for the development of lower leg and/or diabetic foot ulcerations, and especially after acute trauma or chronic mechanical stress. The reconstruction of such wounds is challenging due to the paucity of soft tissue resources in this region. Various procedures including orthobiologics, skin grafting (SG) with or without negative pressure wound therapy and local random flaps have been used with varying degrees of success to cover diabetic lower leg or foot ulcerations. Other methods include: local or regional muscle and fasciocutaneous flaps, free muscle and fasciocutaneous, or perforator flaps, which also have varying degrees of success.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This article reviews 25 propeller perforator flaps (PPF) which were performed in 24 diabetic patients with acute and chronic wounds involving the foot and/or lower leg. These patients were admitted beween 2008 and 2011. Fifteen PPF were based on perforators from the peroneal artery, nine from the posterior tibial artery, and one from the anterior tibial artery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A primary healing rate (96%) was obtained in 18 (72%) cases. Revisional surgery and SG for skin necrosis was performed in six (24%) cases with one complete loss of the flap (4%) which led to a lower extremity amputation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The purpose of this article is to review the use of PPF as an effective method for soft tissue coverage of the diabetic lower extremity and/or foot. In well-controlled diabetic patients that present with at least one permeable artery in the affected lower leg, the use of PPF may provide an alternative option for soft tissue reconstruction of acute and chronic diabetic wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30964089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-10-01DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18977
Benjamin J Pearce, Boulos Toursarkissian
{"title":"The current role of endovascular intervention in the management of diabetic peripheral arterial disease.","authors":"Benjamin J Pearce, Boulos Toursarkissian","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poor arterial inflow continues to be a major contributing factor in the failure to heal diabetic foot wounds. Options for revascularization have significantly increased with the development of sophisticated endovascular techniques. However, the application of this technology is variable due to relatively little prospective, randomized data on newer techniques. Further, multiple specialties are capable of performing endovascular interventions and proper referral can be difficult. This article will review the basics of application of endovascular intervention in the diabetic patient with arterial disease and provide a broad understanding of the literature behind the decision-making on appropriate therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30964652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic Foot & AnklePub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-01-10DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.12236
Shelly A M Larson, Patrick R Burns
{"title":"The pathogenesis of Charcot neuroarthropathy: current concepts.","authors":"Shelly A M Larson, Patrick R Burns","doi":"10.3402/dfa.v3i0.12236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.12236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pathogenesis of Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) has been poorly understood by clinicians and scientists alike. Current researchers have made progress toward understanding the cause of CN and possible treatment options. The authors review the current literature on the pathogenesis of this debilitating disorder and attempt to explain the roles of inflammation, bone metabolism, and advanced glycation end products.</p>","PeriodicalId":45385,"journal":{"name":"Diabetic Foot & Ankle","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/dfa.v3i0.12236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40146157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}