Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health最新文献

{"title":"Fate of Plastics in Cattle Digestive Systems","authors":"K. L. Sheehan, P. Lawson, B. Emerson","doi":"10.13031/jash.14991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.14991","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsTwo herds of cattle at a university teaching farm had plastic fibers in their fecal matter.The source was confirmed to be mineral supplements.When consumed, supplements caused some degradation or fragmentation of plastics. Abstract.Plastic products are a ubiquitous part of contemporary consumer products and can contain chemicals like plasticizers, colorings, flame retardants, and antimicrobials. When eaten, these substances can leech from plastics during digestion, and consequently, impact the health of the organisms that consume them. Here, we document plastic contaminants in the form of microfibers (0.5 to 15 mm), that we detected in the fecal matter of two herds of cattle on a college campus. Plastic incidence was similar (41%) for both herds, with a mean of 1 polyethylene microfiber occurring in every 2 g of feces. We confirmed the source of these plastic fibers was the mineral supplements that the cattle have access to year-round and detected the particles in two independent sources of mineral supplements. Despite minor visual changes in the plastic fibers (dulling of the surface) after being exposed to the digestive system of the cows, we were able to chemically confirm (using infrared spectroscopy) that the plastic found in the feces and mineral supplements were identical. To quantify degradation of consumed plastic particles, we performed a digestion study of plastics of similar composition (nylon used to tie square hay bales and polyethylene used to wrap round/rolled bales – not microplastics) used in the farm operations of the university. Following a 54-day exposure to the digestive system of a cannulated bull, we found that the weight of plastics did not change, but significant fragmentation (fraying) occurred. While the physiological consequences of microplastic degradation and potential inclusion among gut tissues are largely unknown, increased surface areas of microplastics from fraying and the leeching of toxic compounds accumulated over long periods of time should be considered as they could influence the safety of beef and dairy products intended for human consumption. Keywords: Livestock, Microfiber, Mineral supplement, Particle degradation, Plastic consumption.","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67065322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Nonfatal Injury Undercount in Agriculture from 2004 to 2019","authors":"Isabelle Picciotto, Timothy K. M. Beatty, A. Hill","doi":"10.13031/jash.15039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.15039","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsGovernment estimates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses understate the hazards in U.S. agriculture.From 2004 to 2019, government estimates only captured 13% to 26% of the true number of nonfatal injuries.Estimates of nonfatal injuries are more accurate for crop production than for animal production.Estimates are more accurate over time, with a decline in self-employed and unpaid family labor in agriculture.Abstract. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics provides annual estimates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by U.S. industry sector. We performed a series of corrections to these estimates for each year from 2004 through 2019 to account for institutional and behavioral drivers of the undercount in the sample used to construct these estimates for the U.S. agricultural industry. Institutional factors consisted of the exclusion of small farms and self-employed and family workers, as well as the employment undercount due to the highly seasonal nature of agricultural work. Behavioral factors consisted of willful and negligent underreporting by employers. We updated the estimates using information on the number of people employed in the excluded portions of the agricultural industry and estimates of the underreporting rate from prior work. Over this period, we show that the government estimates only captured 13% to 26% of the true number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, missing 74% to 87% of the true case counts each year. The government estimates were more accurate for crop production, missing an average of 77% of cases, than for animal production, missing an average of 83% of cases. Willful and negligent underreporting was the largest contributor to the undercount, followed by the exclusion of self-employed and unpaid family workers. Keywords: Agriculture, Nonfatal injuries and illnesses, Occupational injuries, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, Undercount.","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67065393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Low Back Pain and Work and Lifestyle Variables among Fruit Farm Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Sol Patricia Beltrán Picón, M. H. P. dos Passos, Zalane Cristina Marques Ferraz, Sara Rúbia de Souza Franco, R. D. de Araújo, Francisco Locks","doi":"10.13031/jash.14834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.14834","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsLow back pain has a high prevalence among fruit farm workers.Fruit packing workers are more likely to have low back pain than field workers.Abstract. The objective of this observational and correlational cross-sectional study was to analyze the association of labor variables, lifestyle, and low back pain among workers on a grape farm in the northeast region of Brazil. A total of 180 rural workers, men and women, age 18 years and older, and active on the company’s staff, participated in the study. The presence of low back pain, considered as a dependent variable, was categorized as yes or no, and the independent variables were personal, work, and lifestyle factors. The workers performed functions in the field (72%) and fruit packing (28%). Low back pain was reported by 44.1% (n = 79) of the participants. There were associations between low back pain and the function performed by the worker. Thus, workers in fruit packing were 1.53 more likely to have low back pain (95% CI 1.09-2.15) when compared with workers in the field, demonstrating the need for strategies to improve the structure of the workday, such as the inclusion of active breaks. Keywords: Low back pain, Musculoskeletal discomfort, Occupational health.","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67065570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vision and Radar Steering Reduces Agricultural Sprayer Operator Stress without Compromising Steering Performance","authors":"Travis Burgers, K. Vanderwerff","doi":"10.13031/jash.15060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.15060","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsStress was measured in professional sprayer operators who, while working, drove manually and with vision or radar steering.Vision and radar steering reduced the average operator stress rate by 48% relative to manual steering.The use of automatic guidance could have a dramatic positive effect on the health of sprayer operators.Sprayer steering performance was reported for professional operators and both vision and radar guidance for the first time.Abstract. Self-propelled agricultural sprayer operators work an average of 15 h d-1 in peak season, and steering is the task that causes the operator the most stress because of the large number of stimuli involved. Automatic guidance systems help reduce stress and fatigue for operators by allowing them to focus on tasks other than steering. Physiological signals like skin conductance (electrodermal activity, EDA) change with stress and can be used to identify stressful events. The objective of this study was to determine if using a commercially available vision and radar guidance system (VSN®, Raven Industries) reduces agricultural sprayer operators’ stress compared to when they are steering manually. Four male professional sprayer operators participated in this study. Each operator performed his job duties normally in GPS-guidance-planted fields, at his self-selected speed, except to drive some passes manually and others with VSN in the same field. EDA was measured with an Empatica E4 wristband, and stressful events were quantified. Machine data (e.g., speed, RTK-GPS, and VSN metrics) were collected from each sprayer via CAN logs. The steering type, stress rate (e.g., stressful events min-1), and steering performance (cross-track error standard deviation, XTE SD) were determined for each pass. In total, 51 passes (23 manual, 28 VSN) in six fields were analyzed. Operators using VSN had a significant reduction (48% lower, p < 0.001) in their stress rate compared to when they were steering manually. There was no significant difference in the XTE SD for the steering type. The use of an automatic guidance system such as VSN could have a dramatic positive effect on the health of sprayer operators, especially during the long workdays of the peak spraying season, and could reduce the negative effects that stress and fatigue have on steering performance, mistakes, and accidents. Keywords: Electrodermal activity, Guidance systems, Machine vision, Precision agriculture, Radar, Skin conductance, Vehicle guidance.","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67065608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2) to Understand Decision Making for Grain Bin Hazards Among Texas Farmers","authors":"Cara London, J. Moore","doi":"10.13031/jash.15135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.15135","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsHazard exposure is not enough to catalyze adoption of grain bin temperature probes.Perceived ease of use significantly influenced farm technology adoption among Texas farmers.Demonstrated that low barriers to access and configuration into current farm operations will increase adoption of life-saving technologies. ABSTRACT.This research aimed to understand the profile of temperature probe adopters as compared to non-adopters in the context of preventing grain bin deaths. Our analysis is based on a unique data set obtained from a survey of 54 farmers from Texas. The survey was built using the TAM2 model as a foundation. We employed standard regression models to identify factors that contributed to the adoption of temperature probes among other technologies. We found that hazard exposure was not a predictor for temperature probe adoption. Network relationships also did not significantly influence adoption. Technology adoption was predicted by six perceptions: subjective norms, image (status), quality of the technology, access to the technology, access to information about the technology, and compatibility. The findings of this study suggest that instead of the current safety advice used to convince farmers to use grain bin probes, stakeholders should inform them about the direct positive results of using the probes. Current campaigns against grain bin entrapment should emphasize through demonstration the benefits of grain bin probes on stored grain products. Although extension and private offices may not directly impact the final decision making, they should seriously consider expending the effort to lower the barrier to access to positively influence the adoption rate. Keywords: Adoption, Agricultural extension, Behavior model, Decision making factors, Grain entrapment, Grain quality, Safety, TAM2, Technology.","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67065712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Youth Safety Knowledge through the Agriculture Experience Tracker (AET).","authors":"Scott W Smalley, Dustin K Perry, Rebecca G Lawver, Michael L Pate, Alyx Shultz, Roger Hanagriff, Clay Ewell","doi":"10.13031/jash.14801","DOIUrl":"10.13031/jash.14801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to assess high school agricultural education youth safety knowledge. The target population consisted of high school agricultural education youth, ages 14-19 years, who were enrolled in School Based Agricultural Education programs that utilized the AET agricultural safety exam feature between the dates of May 2019 and June 2020 (N=1478). The safety knowledge questions were randomly generated from the National Safe Tractor and Machinery Operation Program instructor curriculum resources. The exam consisted of 50 multiple-choice and true/false questions with one point being awarded for each correct answer and covered topics such as safety basics, agricultural hazards, tractors, connecting and using implements with tractors and materials handling. The majority of respondents were male (n = 865, 58.5%); and in eleventh grade, twelve grade, or beyond high school (33.8%, 34.3%, and 22.9% respectively). Most respondents indicated they were from a rural area (52.5%), and most had not received formal safety training (74.4%). Test scores for the 1478 respondents ranged from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 98. Within each independent variable, test scores averaged in the low 60's with the exception of test scores from students in 8^th, 9^th, and 10^th grade which averaged 78, 46, and 56 respectively. Research and continuous education are needed to influence the behaviors of young workers in agricultural settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9757133/pdf/nihms-1833793.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10825244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Test of Social Cognitive Theory to Increase Hearing Protection Use in Swine Buildings.","authors":"Josie Rudolphi, Shelly Campo, Brandi Janssen, Marizen Ramirez, Kai Wang, Diane Rohlman","doi":"10.13031/jash.15183","DOIUrl":"10.13031/jash.15183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Farming ranks among the top occupations for which workers are at risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), an irreversible yet preventable condition. Hearing Protection Devices (HPDs) (i.e., earmuffs and ear plugs) are effective at preventing expo- sure to noise; however, few farmers report consistent use. The purpose of this study was to test an intervention based on Social Cognitive Theory with interactive smartphone technology to increase the use of HPDs among swine facility workers. A pilot, quasi-experimental study was implemented among 72 younger adult swine workers. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 received HPDs (e.g., earmuffs and ear plugs). Group 2 received the same HPDs as Group 1 and was also instructed to use a smartphone application to track their use of hearing protection for 60 days. Group 3 received the HPDs and instructions on using a smartphone app for tracking the use of hearing protection and setting daily goals for hearing protection use. Use of hearing protection was assessed via an online survey prior to the intervention (i.e., \"baseline\"), immediately after the post-intervention, and at a 3-month follow-up. Compared to baseline use, all three groups reported increased use of hearing protection immediately post-intervention. However, this increase was not maintained at a 3-month follow-up for two of the study groups. Group 3 (HPD, tracking, and goal-setting app) showed the greatest increase in the use of HPDs from baseline to immediate post-intervention; however, Group 1 (HPD only) showed the greatest sustained increase from baseline to the 3-month follow-up. Modifying the environment by supplying HPDs was effective in increasing HPD use among swine facility workers. Improving access to hearing protection devices alone may lead to sustained changes in behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10703054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67065856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removing Out-of-Condition Grain: An Exploration and Documentation of Existing Strategies","authors":"S. F. Issa, Daniel Gaither, Mian Muhammad Sajid Raza, John Lee, W. Field","doi":"10.13031/jash.14897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.14897","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsDifferent approaches used to handle out-of-condition grain can be split into three broad categories: outfitting, outside, and inside the bin.A total of 21 strategies to handle out-of-condition grain are documented in this article.Outside the bin strategies are split into four categories: grain handling solutions, rodding, force-based solutions, and alternate grain extraction methods.Abstract. Grain entrapments remain a major concern in the grain storage and handling industry. Even with the adoption of safer technology, enhanced enforcement of OSHA regulations, and considerable investment in training and outreach efforts, grain entrapments continue to occur in significant numbers. The most significant contributing factor to grain entrapment is the presence of out-of-condition grain. A better understanding of existing strategies employed to remove out-of-condition grain from storage is important to provide evidence-based solutions to reduce the perceived need to enter grain storage structures and the grain entrapment associated with this activity. A review of existing strategies for handling out-of-condition grain used previously by farmers and workers with experience in grain storage facilities was conducted. Training programs, extension resources, and published research were reviewed to document existing strategies to remove out-of-condition grain. These strategies were split into three broad categories: outfitting the bin, outside of the bin, and inside the bin. A total of 21 strategies were documented. Each of the strategies was defined and, where possible, the risks and benefits were discussed. The study highlights the importance of researching the safety and effectiveness of each of these strategies in various out-of-condition grain situations and the lack of available knowledge of the effectiveness of each strategy. Keywords: Engulfment, Entrapment, Inside the bin strategies, Outfitting the bin strategies, Out-of-condition grains, Outside the bin strategies, Spoiled grains, Storage.","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67065194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to Workplace Sexual Harassment among Women and Men Farmworkers in the U.S. and Mexico.","authors":"Kimberly Y Prado, Maria Elena Rivera-Heredia, Stephen A McCurdy","doi":"10.13031/jash.14514","DOIUrl":"10.13031/jash.14514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Women and men farmworkers reported workplace sexual harassment (WSH). WSH occurred as frequently as daily. Both coworkers and leadership were perpetrators of WSH.</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This study explores experiences relevant to workplace sexual harassment (WSH) in agriculture among men and women farmworkers in California (U.S.) and Michoacán (Mexico). Anecdotal evidence documents women farmworkers having to endure behavioral, verbal, and physical WSH including sexual ogling, degrading language, groping, and requests for sex in exchange for work. We include survey comparisons between men and women in California and Michoacan on WSH among farmworkers. We conducted 197 farmworker surveys (38 men and 59 women in California; 40 men and 60 women in Michoacán). Community advisory boards contributed expertise and input for study strategies, materials, and dissemination. Survey participant ages ranged from 23 to 54 years old. Half worked in Mexico, 68% were married, 80% had children, and 47% had less than 7 years of education. Most farmworkers spoke Spanish and Purhépecha, an indigenous language spoken by the Purhépecha people in Michoacán. We used two strategies to measure WSH exposure in the previous year: (1) direct inquiry-based survey items (asking \"Have you ever been the victim of or bystander to workplace sexual harassment?\") documenting WSH among women (49%) and men (21%) in California and among women (7%) and men (13%) in Michoacán, and (2) behavior-based WSH items (using explicit examples of WSH behaviors perpetrated against the participant or witnessed by the participant as a bystander) documenting WSH among women (as high as 53%) and men (as high as 45%) in California and among women (as high as 65%) and men (as high as 68%) in Michoacán. Women farmworkers in California reported WSH experiences exceeding those of men. Reported WSH experiences in Michoacán were similar for men and women. Farmworkers identified WSH perpetrators as coworkers more than leadership. The frequency of exposure ranged from daily, weekly, monthly, and up to multiple times a year. Of 46 direct inquiry-based WSH incidents, only one perpetrator was punished, and at least half of all victims said they were forced to change their jobs. The findings of this study inform the development of WSH prevention efforts, such as education tools, support for efforts to facilitate reporting, protections against retaliation for workers, and promoting accountability for perpetrators. This information supports the promotion of policy recommendations and preventive approaches for WSH.</p>","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39585913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Nonresponse Bias in Farm Injury Surveillance Data.","authors":"Cheryl L Beseler,&nbsp;Risto H Rautiainen","doi":"10.13031/jash.14554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.14554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Despite a response rate of about 18%, there was scant evidence of nonresponse bias. Farm and ranch characteristics of operations responding to a mailed survey were similar to those not responding. Responders were significantly more likely to be married but only slightly older and more educated than nonresponders. Earlier survey responders reported more injuries and greater severity when injured compared to later responders.</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Nonresponse bias in a survey can result in misleading estimates of agricultural injuries and can misdirect prevention efforts aimed at reducing the burden of injuries on farmers. Responders (n = 2,977) and nonresponders (n = 13,849) were compared based on demographics and agricultural production characteristics to identify underrepresented subgroups. Injury characteristics were compared between early (n = 1,667) and late (n = 1,309) responders. Methods accounted for correlated data, sample size inflation of p-values, and assessment of meaningful differences. Few differences were identified between responders and nonresponders. Responders differed from nonresponders by state of residence, and responders were more likely to be married. Other characteristics (age, gender, education, farm size, crops grown, animals raised) were similar across groups. Early responders reported more injuries and more often sought medical care for an injury than late responders. The differences identified between responders and nonresponders were minimal and not likely to create bias. Differential reporting of injury and injury severity between early and late responders is worthy of further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":45344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10770932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}