China Geology最新文献

{"title":"Distribution, characteristics, metallogenic processes and prospecting potential of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits in the world and lithium demand situation","authors":"Dian-he Liu ,&nbsp;Cheng-lin Liu ,&nbsp;Chun-lian Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-can Yu","doi":"10.31035/cg20230128","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg20230128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide, the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth. In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern, development and utilization status, genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources, based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad, this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation, resource endowment, deposit classification and distribution, typical geological characteristics, metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world. The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and (or) reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role. In addition, the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide. The potential resources of underground brines are enormous, and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention. Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics, arid climate and provenance conditions. Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic mafic granulite and amphibolite dykes from Saltora, Bankura district, Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex, eastern India: Implications for their emplacement in within-plate setting","authors":"Poulami Roy,&nbsp;Bapi Goswami,&nbsp;Ankita Basak,&nbsp;Anwesa Sen,&nbsp;Chittaranjan Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.31035/cg20220082","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg20220082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distinguishing high-grade mafic-ultramafic rocks originally crystallized from within-plate basaltic magmatism is challenging and crucial because the chemical composition of the igneous rocks has been modified during high-grade metamorphism, causing misidentification of the characters of the parental magma. Proterozoic metamorphosed mafic dykes occur throughout the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) of eastern Indian shield. The E-W trending mafic dykes from the Saltora area in the southeastern CGC underwent metamorphism in two episodes: M₁ (650 MPa; 770°C) and M₂ (300 MPa; 744°C). The metamafics are enriched in LILE, depleted in HFSE, and display strong fractionation of LREE, nearly flat HREE patterns in a chondrite-normalized REE diagram, and show tholeiitic differentiation trend. Their geochemical affinity is towards rift-related, continental within-plate basalts. About 7%–10% melting of the carbonated spinel-peridotite sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) produced the parental mafic magma. The pre-existing SCLM was metasomatized by slab-derived fluid during the previous subduction. The upwelling of the asthenosphere in a post-collisional tectonic setting caused E-W trending fractures, lithospheric thinning, and gravitational collapse. These dykes were emplaced during crustal extension around 1070 Ma. The remarkable geochemical similarity between the mafic dykes of Saltora and Dhanbad, the ca. 1096 Ma Mahoba (Bundelkhand craton), and the ca. 1070 Ma Alcurra mafic dykes in Australia supports a genetic link.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 159-186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of lithium extraction solar pond in Zabuye Salt Lake: Theoretical calculation combined with field experiments","authors":"Tao Ding ,&nbsp;Zhen Nie ,&nbsp;Qian Wu ,&nbsp;Jiang-jiang Yu ,&nbsp;Ling-zhong Bu ,&nbsp;Yun-sheng Wang ,&nbsp;En-yuan Xing ,&nbsp;Mian-ping Zheng ,&nbsp;Yu-bin Li","doi":"10.31035/cg2024085","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg2024085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research optimized the structure of lithium extraction solar ponds to enhance the crystallization rate and yield of Li₂CO₃. Using the response surface methodology in Design-Expert 10.0.3, the authors conducted experiments to investigate the influence of four factors related to solar pond structure on the crystallization of Li₂CO₃ and their pairwise interactions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the flow field within the solar pond were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software to compare temperature distributions before and after optimization. The results indicate that the optimal structure for lithium extraction from the Zabuye Salt Lake solar ponds includes UCZ (Upper Convective Zone) thickness of 53.63 cm, an LCZ (Lower Convective Zone) direct heating temperature of 57.39°C, a CO₃^2- concentration of 32.21 g/L, and an added soda ash concentration of 6.52 g/L. Following this optimized pathway, the Li₂CO₃ precipitation increased by 7.34% compared to the initial solar pond process, with a 33.33% improvement in lithium carbonate crystallization rate. This study demonstrates the feasibility of optimizing lithium extraction solar pond structures, offering a new approach for constructing such ponds in salt lakes. It provides valuable guidance for the efficient extraction of lithium resources from carbonate-type salt lake brines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 26-38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zircon U-Pb dating of the Shazibu Pluton in the Guocheng gold belt, Jiaolai Basin, Shandong Province: Implications for metallogeny of the Jiaodong gold province","authors":"Yuan-yuan Feng ,&nbsp;Ya-dong Li ,&nbsp;An-kai Geng ,&nbsp;Liu-an Duan ,&nbsp;Da-dou Li","doi":"10.31035/cg20230080","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg20230080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 230-232"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of theropod materials enriches the dinosaur assemblages in Guangxi and expands the dinosaur distribution to the southernmost China","authors":"Xu-ri Wang ,&nbsp;Shu-bin Ju ,&nbsp;Yan-nan Ji ,&nbsp;Zhen Guo ,&nbsp;Qiang Ji","doi":"10.31035/cg20230131","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg20230131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 233-234"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the hydrocarbon generation potential of the Paleocene–Eocene carbonaceous rocks in the Barmer and Bikaner-Nagaur Basins, western Rajasthan, India","authors":"Alok Kumar ,&nbsp;Khairul Azlan Mustapha ,&nbsp;Alok K. Singh ,&nbsp;Mohammed Hail Hakimi ,&nbsp;Ali Y. Kahal ,&nbsp;Waqas Naseem ,&nbsp;Hijaz Kamal Hasnan","doi":"10.31035/cg20230121","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg20230121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bikaner-Nagaur and Barmer Basins (Rajasthan) are the most important petroliferous sedimentary basins in India. For over a decade, the exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons in these basins. Paleocene-Eocene age rocks bear organic-rich sediments in these basins, including lignite and carbonaceous shale deposits. The present research investigates the source rock properties, petroleum potential and thermal maturity of the carbonaceous shale partings from the lignite mines of Gurha (Bikaner-Nagaur Basin) and Kapurdi (Barmer Basin) using petrographical and geochemical tools. The carbonaceous shales have high organic matter (OM), with considerable total organic carbon (TOC) contents ranging from 13% to 39%. Furthermore, they contain hydrogen-rich kerogen, including types II and II/III, as evidenced by the Rock-Eval and elemental analysis results. The existence of these kerogen types indicates the abundance of reactive (vitrinite and liptinite) macerals. However, the carbonaceous shales from the Bikaner–Nagaur Basin have oil generation potentials, with a high hydrogen index (up to 516 mg HC/g TOC) and a H/C ratio (up to 1.5) along with a significant presence of oil-prone liptinitic macerals. Apart from the geochemical and petrological results, the studied shales have low huminite reflectance (0.31%–0.48%), maximum temperature (<em>S</em>₂ peak; <em>T</em>_max) between 419°C and 429°C, and low production index values (PI: 0.01–0.03). These results indicate that these carbonaceous shales contain immature OM, and thereby, they cannot yet release commercial amount of oil. This immaturity level in the studied outcrop section is due to the shallow burial depth. Geochemical proxies further indicate the presence of both oil and gas-prone source rocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nickel extraction from nickel laterites: Processes, resources, environment and cost","authors":"Zhen-fang Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei-bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhen-guo Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiu-fa Chen","doi":"10.31035/cg2024124","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg2024124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the development of the new energy industry and the depletion of nickel sulfide ore resources, laterite nickel ore has become the main source of primary nickel, and nickel for power batteries has become a new growth point in consumption. This paper systematically summarizes the processes, parameters, products, recovery rates, environmental indicators, costs, advantages, disadvantages and the latest research progress of mainstream nickel extraction processes from laterite nickel ore. It also provides a comparative analysis of the environmental impact and economic efficiency of different nickel extraction processes. It is found that the current nickel extraction processes from laterite nickel ore globally for commercial production mainly include the RKEF process for producing ferronickel and the HPAL process for producing intermediate products. The former accounts for about 80% of laterite nickel ore production. Compared to each other, the investment cost per ton of nickel metal production capacity for the RKEF is about 43000$, with an operational cost of about 16000$ per ton of nickel metal and a total nickel recovery rate of 77%–90%. Its products are mainly used in stainless steels. For the HPAL process, the investment cost per ton of nickel metal production capacity is about 56000$, with an operational cost of about 15000 $ per ton of nickel metal and a total nickel recovery rate of 83%–90%. Its products are mainly used in power batteries. The significant differences between the two lies in energy consumption and carbon emissions, with the RKEF being 2.18 and 2.37 times that of the HPAL, respectively. Although the use of clean energy can greatly reduce the operational cost and environmental impact of RKEF, if RKEF is converted to producing high Ni matte, its economic and environmental performance still cannot match that of the HPAL and oxygen-enriched side-blown processes. Therefore, it can be inferred that with the increasing demand for nickel in power batteries, HPAL and oxygen-enriched side blowing processes will play a greater role in laterite nickel extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 187-213"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of production well patterns for natural gas hydrate reservoir: Referring to the results from production tests and numerical simulations","authors":"Lang-feng Mu ,&nbsp;Hao-tian Liu ,&nbsp;Chi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Hai-long Lu","doi":"10.31035/cg20230124","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg20230124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural gas hydrate is a clean energy source with substantial resource potential. In contrast to conventional oil and gas, natural gas hydrate exists as a multi-phase system consisting of solids, liquids, and gases, which presents unique challenges and complicates the mechanisms of seepage and exploitation. Both domestic and international natural gas hydrate production tests typically employ a single-well production model. Although this approach has seen some success, it continues to be hindered by low production rates and short production cycles. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore a new well network to significantly increase the production of a single well. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in natural gas hydrate research, including both laboratory studies and field tests. It further examines the gas production processes and development outcomes for single wells, dual wells, multi-branch wells, and multi-well systems under conditions of depressurization, thermal injection, and CO₂ replacement. On this basis, well types and well networks suitable for commercial exploitation of natural gas hydrate were explored, and the technical direction of natural gas hydrate development was proposed. The study shows that fully exploiting the flexibility of complex structural wells and designing a well network compatible with the reservoir is the key to improving production from a single well. Moreover, multi-well joint exploitation is identified as an effective strategy for achieving large-scale, efficient development of natural gas hydrate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 39-57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributions and risk assessment of heavy metals in solid waste in lead-zinc mining areas and across the soil, water body, sediment and agricultural product ecosystem in their surrounding areas","authors":"Zhi-qiang Wu ,&nbsp;Hai-ying Li ,&nbsp;Liu-yan Lü ,&nbsp;Guo-jun Liang ,&nbsp;Ting-ting Wu ,&nbsp;Jiang-xia Zhu","doi":"10.31035/cg2024036","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg2024036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To identify the root causes of heavy metal contamination in soils as well as prevent and control such contamination from its sources, this study explored the accumulation patterns and ecological risks of heavy metals like Cd and Pb in solid waste in mining areas and across the water body, sediment, soil and agricultural product ecosystem surrounding the mining areas. Focusing on the residual solid waste samples in lead-zinc deposits in a certain area of Guizhou Province, along with samples of topsoils, irrigation water, river sediments, and crops from surrounding areas. This study analyzed the distributions of eight heavy metals, i.e., Cd, As, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni, in the samples through field surveys and sample tests. Furthermore, this study assessed the contamination levels and ecological risks of heavy metals in soils, sediments, and agricultural products using methods such as the single-factor index, Nemerow composite index, and potential ecological risk assessment. The results indicate that heavy metals in the solid waste samples all exhibited concentrations exceeding their risk screening values, with 60% greater than their risk intervention values. The soils and sediments demonstrate slight and moderate comprehensive ecological risks of heavy metals. The single-factor potential ecological risks of heavy metals in both the soil and sediment samples decreased in the order of Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, suggesting the same sources of heavy metals in the soils and sediments. Most of the agricultural product samples exhibited over-limit concentrations of heavy metals dominated by Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cr, excluding Hg and As. The agricultural product assessment using the Nemerow composite index reveals that 35% of the agricultural product samples reached the heavy metal contamination level, implying that the agricultural products from farmland around the solid waste dumps have been contaminated with heavy metals. The eight heavy metals in the soil, sediment, and agricultural product samples manifested high coefficients of variation (CVs), indicating pronounced spatial variability. This suggests that their concentrations in soils, sediments, and agricultural products are significantly influenced by human mining activities. Additionally, the agricultural products exhibit strong transport and accumulation capacities for Cd, Cu, and Zn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 92-106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesozoic multi-direction collision tectonic evolution of the Ordos Basin, China: Insights from the detrital zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He analyses","authors":"Yin Chen ,&nbsp;Jian-guo Li ,&nbsp;Lu-lu Chen ,&nbsp;Hua-lei Zhao","doi":"10.31035/cg20230068","DOIUrl":"10.31035/cg20230068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ordos Basin (OB) in the western part of the North China Craton (NCC), was located at the jointed area of multi-plates and has recorded the Mesozoic tectonic characteristics. Its tectonic evolution in the Mesozoic is significant to understand the tectonic transformation of the northern margin of the NCC. In this work, the detrital zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He chronological system were analyzed in the northern part of the OB, and have provided new evidence for the regional tectonic evolution. The (U-Th)/He chronological data states the weighted ages of 240–235 Ma, 141 Ma with the peak distribution of 244 Ma, 219 Ma, 173 Ma, 147–132 Ma. The thermal evolution, geochronological data, and regional unconformities have proved four stages of regional tectonic evolution for the OB and its surroundings in the Mesozoic: (1) The Late Permian-Early Triassic; (2) the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic; (3) the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous; (4) the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene. It is indicated that the multi-directional convergence from the surrounding tectonic units has controlled the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the OB. Four-stage tectonic evolution reflected the activation or end of different plate movements and provided new time constraints for the regional tectonic evolution of the NCC in the Mesozoic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45329,"journal":{"name":"China Geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 141-158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}