FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES最新文献

{"title":"Tourism, Nation Building, and Regional Identities in the French Basque Country, 1830–1870","authors":"Talitha Ilacqua","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9933007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9933007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The arrival of tourism in Biarritz and on the French Basque coast in the mid-nineteenth century accentuated the national sentiment of the area and its distinctive Basque cultural attributes alike. This article analyzes such dualism, emphasizing both transformations that turned Biarritz into a resort popular across France and Europe and modifications to local culture that made it a key feature of the tourist experience in the Basque Country. The contribution of the local population to the folklorization of its culture was key to its survival, underscoring the importance of regional folklore for the touristic success of France as a whole. Mid-nineteenth-century governments' support of local cultural initiatives, in turn, was necessary for their accomplishment, as well as for the maturing of an idea of France as unitary yet culturally diverse that came to define the early Third Republic after 1870.\u0000 Le début de l'expérience touristique à Biarritz et sur la côte basque française au milieu du dix-neuvième siècle a accentué le sentiment national de la région et les particularités culturelles basques. Cet article analyse ce dualisme et souligne deux aspects : les changements qui ont transformé Biarritz en une station touristique célèbre en France et en Europe, et les transformations de la culture locale qui était une partie importante de l'expérience touristique au Pays basque. La participation de la population à la création d'une culture folklorique fut fondamentale pour son existence et pour le succès touristique de la France entière. Le soutien des gouvernements du milieu du siècle aux initiatives culturelles locales fut nécessaire aussi pour l'achèvement et la maturation d'une idée de la France comme unitaire mais culturellement différenciée qui définit le début de la Troisième République.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41365990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"France's Great Indian Misadventure","authors":"Kenneth Margerison","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9932993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9932993","url":null,"abstract":"The French interest in attacking the British in India during the American Revolution was promoted by a variety of individuals with experience and often personal interests on the subcontinent. These individuals convinced the naval minister, Antoine de Sartine, and his successor, Charles de la Croix, marquis de Castries, that the Indian princes were eager to liberate India from British tyranny and with French assistance would launch an uprising to achieve this goal. Both ministers became avid proponents of launching an attack on the British in India coinciding with French entrance into the American War. Initially opposed to this venture, the foreign minister, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, ultimately came to see its value. The exaggerated predictions of a massive Indian revolt against the British never materialized. The difficulties of mounting a long-distance invasion and the tardy arrival of General Charles Joseph Patissier, marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, who did not reach India until after peace negotiations had begun, resulted in the failure of the French intervention.\u0000 L'intérêt des Français à attaquer les Britanniques en Inde pendant la Révolution américaine a été promu par une variété de personnes ayant de l'expérience et souvent des intérêts personnels sur le sous-continent. Ces individus ont convaincu le ministre de la Marine Sartine et son successeur Castries que les princes indiens désiraient libérer l'Inde de la tyrannie britannique et, avec l'aide de la France, lanceraient un soulèvement pour atteindre cet objectif. Les deux ministres devinrent de fervents partisans du lancement d'une attaque contre les Britanniques en Inde coïncidant avec l'entrée de la France dans la guerre américaine. Initialement opposé à cette entreprise, le ministre des Affaires étrangères Vergennes finit par en reconnaître la valeur. Les prédictions exagérées d'une révolte indienne massive contre les Britanniques ne se sont jamais matérialisées. Les difficultés d'organiser une invasion à longue distance et l'arrivée tardive de Bussy, qui n'arriva en Inde qu'après le début des négociations de paix, entraînèrent l’échec de l'intervention française.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Civilization and Its Discontents","authors":"D. Gilks","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9746615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9746615","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article reinterprets Antoine Quatremère de Quincy's Letters on the Plan to Abduct the Monuments of Italy (1796). In response to official justifications that seizing cultural patrimony was France's civilizing mission, Quatremère argued that civilization required all nations to leave Rome intact and respect eighteenth-century conventions. The article shows how he attempted to make his work acceptable to republican readers by using a language uncharacteristic of his other writings and by mimicking the concept of a singular and secular civilization that was central to the post-Thermidorian Republic's identity. The Letters was part of the broader strategy of the royalist Clichy club to make republicans question the Republic. However, informed contemporaries saw through his conceit: they discerned an attack on the Directory in his description of how the papacy nourished and protected the civilization but endangered it in practice.\u0000 Cet article propose une nouvelle lecture des Lettres sur le déplacement des monuments de l'art de l'Italie (1796). Au discours officiel qui justifiait la saisie du patrimoine culturel de l'Italie vaincue au nom de la mission civilisatrice de la France, Quatremère oppose l'idée que c'est justement au nom de la civilisation que Rome doit être protégée et qu'il faut respecter les droits des nations tels qu'on les a définis au XVIIIe siècle. Quatremère s'est efforcé de présenter son texte de manière à le rendre acceptable aux lecteurs républicains : pour ce faire, il a eu recours à un langage très différent de celui de ses autres écrits, et il a fait semblant d'adhérer à l'idée de la civilisation unique et laïque au cœur de l'idéologie de la République post-Thermidorienne. Malgré ces efforts, les lecteurs avertis ont décelé son stratagème qui consiste à attaquer le Directoire tout en faisant de la papauté la vraie protectrice d'une civilisation que la République affirme défendre mais attaque en réalité. Les Lettres apparaissent ainsi comme un des éléments de la stratégie des Clichyens pour amener les républicains à remettre en question la République elle-même.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45030902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fashion on the Brain","authors":"Katharine J. Hamerton","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9746587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9746587","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores Nicolas Malebranche's approach to fashion: an inescapable postlapsarian consequence of God's sociable design of the human mind and body as manifested in the imagination. A problematic side effect of the general laws established by God governing the soul-body relationship, fashion wreaked havoc on individuals' thinking and potential for redemption yet pointed to a larger providential plan for social benefit. These ideas led Malebranche to a distinctive nonpolitical approach to fashion—both “Enlightenment project” and theodicy—in which he sought to promote, toward human liberation and salvation, an enlightened understanding of the processes that created fashion and a charitable approach to managing it. Ultimately, however, his brain-based analysis ended up limiting individual freedoms (imaginative, cognitive, and behavioral), notably for those endowed with certain kinds of minds, in ways that had long-lasting effect. It also helped lay foundations for the Enlightenment's conflicted views about fashion as individual folly and beneficial social phenomenon.\u0000 Cet article montre que, pour Nicolas Malebranche, la mode constitua une conséquence inévitable de la Chute et du dessin sociable et providentiel de l'esprit et du corps, manifesté dans l'imagination. Effet secondaire et problématique des lois générales établies par Dieu pour gouverner les relations entre l'esprit et le corps, la mode entrave la réflexion et l'accès au salut tout en dessinant un plan providentiel, au bénéfice de tous. A la fois projet des Lumières et théodicée, cette approche apolitique s'efforce, dans une visée mêlant libération, salut et charité, de saisir les processus qui créent la mode afin de s'en accommoder. Parce qu'elle met l'accent sur le cerveau, cette approche tend pourtant à restreindre, de manière durable, les libertés individuelles (imagination, cognition, comportement), surtout pour certains types d'esprit. Et elle montre comment, pour les Lumières, la mode peut être à la fois une folie individuelle et un phénomène à multiples vertus sociales.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47494024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La France et les investissements directs américains en France (1945–1973)","authors":"D. Barjot","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9746629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9746629","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Les années 1945 à 1973 ont été caractérisées, en France comme dans toute l'Europe occidentale, par une croissance économique exceptionnellement rapide, mais aussi par une intense américanisation. Celle-ci s'est traduite, notamment de 1958 à 1973, par un afflux massif de capitaux privés américains. Mesurer l'ampleur du phénomène suppose de croiser les approches macro- et micro-économiques. De la première, il ressort que les investissements directs américains bénéficièrent de facteurs favorables tant du côté de la demande que de celui de l'offre, d'où des résultats impressionnants. La seconde montre que les multinationales américaines s'intéressaient au marché français, mais que, confrontées à une forte opposition, elles ont dû adapter leurs stratégies, avec un inégal succès. Néanmoins ces investissements directs américains ont eu un effet plutôt positif sur la croissance française, qui explique en partie leur poids toujours important pour l’économie française d'aujourd'hui.\u0000 The years 1945 to 1973 were characterized, in France as in all of Western Europe, both by exceptionally rapid economic growth and by intense Americanization. This resulted, particularly from 1958 to 1973, in a massive influx of American private capital. Measuring the extent of the phenomenon demands both macro- and microeconomic approaches. Macroeconomic analysis demonstrates that US direct investment benefited from favorable conditions on both the demand and supply sides that produced impressive results. Microeconomic analysis reveals that American multinationals were interested in the French market but that, faced with strong opposition, they adapted their strategies with uneven success. Nevertheless, these American direct investments had a generally positive effect on French growth, which partly explains why they remain significant in the French economy today.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43661970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobilizing Historicity and Local Color in Fernand Cortez (1809)","authors":"A. Andries","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9531982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9531982","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article interrogates why the creators of Napoleonic opera, specifically of Gaspare Spontini's Fernand Cortez (1809), were so eager to publicize their source-based method for representing history. The article frames this eagerness in broader developments toward historical realism in nineteenth-century France and its epistemological claims, namely, that history provides true knowledge about the past. These epistemological claims are foundational to how historians and artists sought to mobilize historicity and local color to champion narratives of empire as founded on the supposedly transhistorical process of civilization. In Fernand Cortez these mobilizations revised eighteenth-century skepticism toward sixteenth-century colonialism into a narrative of imperial success that the government hoped would garner support for Napoléon's Spanish campaign. Ultimately, the emphasis on historicist detail undermined the opera's specific propagandistic message, but it did provide a model that popularized and disseminated general ideologies about empire and civilization beyond France's intellectual circles.\u0000 Pourquoi les créateurs d'opéras napoléoniens étaient-ils si zélés de souligner que leur méthode de représenter l'histoire s'appuyait sur des sources de référence ? L'analyse de Fernand Cortez de Gaspare Spontini (1809) montre que ce désir s'est développé dans le cadre d'une épistémologie du « réalisme historique » qui promet une véritable connaissance du passé. Cette confiance épistémologique a poussé les historiens et les artistes à mobiliser l’ « historicité » et la « couleur locale » pour propager des récits d'empire fondés sur le processus de civilisation. Dans Cortez, ces techniques visaient à transformer le scepticisme des philosophes vis-à-vis le colonialisme du XVIe siècle en un récit de succès, en vue de susciter l'enthousiasme pour la guerre napoléonienne contre l'Espagne. Bien que ces détails historisants aient brouillé le message propagandiste de Cortez, cet opéra a réussi à fournir un modèle qui sert à vulgariser et diffuser des idéologies d'empire et de civilisation au-delà du monde savant.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48040399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Zouk Is the Only Medicine We Need”","authors":"Paul Cohen","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9532010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9532010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article demonstrates how the history of Kassav, the French Caribbean music group founded in 1979, sheds light on the cultural politics of French Caribbean music and the history of “global France.” It argues that Kassav's music represents an inventive cultural and commercial response to patterns of neocolonial and capitalist exclusion in the French Caribbean, one that drew on the islands' own cultural resources to fashion a new musical form, called zouk, that has had lasting influence. Kassav owes its commercial success in part to a global music industry hungry for new musics from postcolonial peripheries and to Paris's role as a world music capital. That Kassav was seen in metropolitan France as “Caribbean” or “world” music, rather than “French,” speaks to the historical and racial fault lines that obscure the Frenchness of the French Caribbean to many in the Hexagon.\u0000 Cet article analyse comment l'histoire de Kassav, le groupe musical antillais fondé en 1979, permet de mieux comprendre la politique culturelle de la musique des Antilles françaises ainsi que l'histoire « mondiale » de la France. La musique de Kassav représente une réponse culturelle et commerciale inventive à des structures d'exclusion néocoloniales et capitalistes dans les Antilles françaises, une réponse qui puisait dans les ressources culturelles propres aux îles, afin de façonner un nouveau genre de musique (le zouk) qui a exercé une influence importante. Kassav doit son succès commercial en partie à une industrie musicale mondialisée à l'affût de musiques issues des périphéries postcoloniales et au rôle de Paris comme capitale de la « musique du monde ». Que la musique de Kassav ait été perçue en France métropolitaine comme « antillaise » ou « du monde », plutôt que « française », témoigne des lignes de faille historiques et raciales qui occultent l'appartenance française des Antilles aux yeux de nombreux habitants de l'Hexagone.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47855311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Langue Universelle?","authors":"Jonathyne Briggs, W. Weber","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9531940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9531940","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43729547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sounds of Siam","authors":"Downing A. Thomas","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9531954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9531954","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A series of diplomatic contacts between France and Siam was initiated in the 1660s primarily through missionary efforts and the expansion of France's global trade network. These diplomatic drives and their historical significance have been described by previous commentators in relation to Louis XIV's global ambitions and his efforts at royal image building. An aspect of these exchanges that has attracted relatively little commentary is the attention given by the participants and chroniclers to the sounds the French travelers experienced in Siam: how the sounds, musical or otherwise, that engaged their attention might have impeded or furthered diplomatic efforts. Within the context of the Louis XIV's attempts to expand France's influence in the world, the sounds and silences described by the French travelers provide additional insight about the diplomatic initiatives and how they understood, or misunderstood, Siam and its culture.\u0000 Une série de contacts diplomatiques entre la France et le Siam a commencé dans les années 1660, principalement à travers des activités missionnaires et l'expansion du réseau commercial de la France. Ces efforts diplomatiques et leur importance historique ont été l'objet d’études visant à comprendre les ambitions globales de Louis XIV et ses efforts à façonner une image royale. Un aspect de ces échanges qui a été moins étudié est l'attention donnée dans les commentaires et chroniques de l’époque à l'espace sonore siamois : comment les sons—musicaux ou autres—que les voyageurs ont rencontrés auraient empêché ou bien avancé leurs efforts diplomatiques. Dans le contexte de l'influence mondiale croissante de la France sous Louis XIV, les sons et les silences décrits par les voyageurs français offrent d'importants aperçus concernant les initiatives diplomatiques et les tentatives de comprendre le Siam et sa culture.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47408547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“It Is No Longer in Fashion—More's the Pity”","authors":"Jenna Harmon","doi":"10.1215/00161071-9531968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9531968","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In a collected edition of his works, Charles Collé declared that “the vaudeville is thoroughly dead,” “killed off” by the latest fad on Parisian stages, the ariette. However, this narrative is in tension with the appearance of vaudevilles across many forms of print media to the end of the eighteenth century. As a result, the print record presents a narrative different from the long-standing trope of the moribund vaudeville in the latter half of the eighteenth century. This article proposes that the story of the vaudeville's demise is actually the effect of a simple but crucial conflation of two distinct song practices, both referred to as “vaudevilles,” and traces this conflation to eighteenth-century musical dictionaries. Finally, it examines extratheatrical vaudevilles in novels, newspapers, and political songbooks, showing that the genre maintained relevancy in spite of narratives to the contrary.\u0000 Au XVIIIe siècle, Charles Collé a déclaré que « le vaudeville est aujourd'hui totalement tombé », « tué » par le genre musical actuellement à la mode à Paris, l'ariette. Pourtant, cette affirmation est démentie par la présence des vaudevilles dans la culture de l'imprimé pendant la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe, et même les premières années du XIXe siècle. Les sources imprimées nous proposent donc une histoire différente de celle qui décrit un vaudeville moribond au milieu du XVIIIe siècle. Cet article affirme que l'histoire de la mort prématurée du vaudeville est l'effet d'une confusion simple mais cruciale entre deux pratiques chansonnières distinctes, mais également appelées « vaudeville ». Les origines de cette confusion remontent aux dictionnaires musicaux du XVIIIe siècle. Finalement, cet article examine le rôle des vaudevilles extra-théâtraux dans les romans, les journaux, et les chansonniers politiques pour démontrer que le vaudeville a conservé son intérêt malgré les rumeurs de sa mort.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48605247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}