Canadian Journal of Law and Society最新文献

{"title":"Legalizing Illegal Mass Surveillance: A Transnational Perspective on Canada’s Legislative Response to the Expansion of Security Intelligence","authors":"Midori Ogasawara","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article offers a transnational perspective on Canada’s legislative response to globally expanded national security intelligence activities in the War on Terror since 2001. I situate Canada’s new legislation against the backdrop of US and Japanese legislative responses and analyze the transition, including Bill C-13 (2014), Bill C-44 (2015), Bill C-51 (2015), and Bill C-59 (2019). I argue that the thrust of this legislative trend has been the active legalization of previously illegal surveillance activities by security intelligence agencies, rather than passive ineffectiveness in restricting state mass surveillance enabled by information and communication technologies. The transition is in synch with a global legislative trend that lowers the legal standards of privacy and personal data protection and weakens checks and balances in democratic governance. As a result, mass surveillance has increasingly undermined and regulated the rule of law, not vice versa.","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"317 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLS volume 37 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"Dominique Bernier, Thomas McMorrow","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"f1 - f6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42681847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qu'est-ce que le crime environnemental ? by Grégory Salle (review)","authors":"Elie Klee","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.11","url":null,"abstract":"L’ouvrage de Grégory Salle apporte une intéressante contribution à l’analyse sociologique de la délinquance environnementale. Il a pour ambition de tracer les contours de la notion de crime environnemental en procédant à un examen critique de son traitement par le droit, les médias, les pouvoirs publics nationaux et les institutions internationales. Deux temps peuvent être relevés dans l’analyse de l’auteur. Les quatre premiers chapitres s’axent d’abord sur un examen critique de l’état de l’art et de la pratique concernant la criminalité environnementale. Ils portent successivement sur le traitement réservé à cette criminalité par les médias, certaines institutions internationales, notamment le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE), l’organisation internationale de police criminelle (Interpol) et le champ universitaire avec le courant dit de la criminologie verte. Ensuite, dans les trois derniers chapitres, l’auteur se penche sur un nombre important d’études de cas, telles que les trèsmédiatiques affaires du Probo Koala (du nom du navire affrété par la société Trafigura, à l’origine d’un grave déversement toxique en Côte d’Ivoire) et de Chevron-Texaco (concernant des décennies de contamination de l’Amazonie équatorienne), le procès deMonsanto et de son herbicide cancérigène, le Roundup, et la pollution de cours d’eau par les activités de Lactalis en France. L’auteur consacre aussi une étude approfondie à l’extraction massive du sable, par exemple en Inde, enAfrique du Sud ou auMaroc, qui conduit à sa pénurie : il montre que ces activités se situent dans une zone grise qui brouille la frontière entre la légalité et l’illégalité – des mafias qui pratiquent l’extraction illégale, mais très lucrative du sable étant liées à des entreprises de construction qui l’utilisent légalement – et qui rend les réponses juridiques et institutionnelles difficiles. L’ouvrage distingue deux prismes possibles à travers lesquels appréhender la notion de crime environnemental. D’une part, d’un point de vue « légaliste », un crime environnemental est la violation d’une norme juridique prohibant certaines atteintes à l’environnement. D’autre part, le crime peut être considéré au sens générique et être étendu à des faits légaux, mais nocifs. Est alors pris en compte le critère de gravité ou de finalité, qui l’emporte sur la caractérisation d’une infraction. L’auteur prend clairement parti en faveur de la seconde définition et critique l’approche légaliste qui domine actuellement le discours et les pratiques institutionnelles. Il regrette ainsi la rareté des mentions faites à la criminalité environnementale par les médias, le droit et les institutions internationales et, lorsqu’elle est évoquée, la tendance à l’aborder à travers le prisme légaliste qui en restreint la portée. Ce prisme légaliste conduit à ne présenter comme dommageables que les activités illégales commises par des entités illégitimes (mafias, groupes armés ou criminels), laissant entendre","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"343 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47695214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pouvoir normatif et crise sanitaire à la lumière du droit tunisien","authors":"Maysoun Bouzid","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.1","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé Les crises sanitaires produisent des effets transversaux sur la santé publique et l’ordre socio‑politique. Aux yeux des citoyens, c’est le pouvoir normatif qui s’est trouvé discrédité par la crise sanitaire liée à la Covid-19. Bousculée à plusieurs reprises, la norme juridique a perdu beaucoup de sa normativité et de sa valeur dans la conscience collective. Face aux différentes formes de désarticulation subies par le pouvoir normatif, il paraît urgent d’envisager des perspectives de réforme visant à rénover la fonction et le processus de création des normes juridiques. L’application des outils de la légistique et l’adoption d’une conception plus partenariale que régalienne de la fonction normative peuvent concourir au changement souhaité de la culture normative.","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"229 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46766012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLS volume 37 issue 2 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"b1 - b6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47527918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Elusive Quest for French on the Bench: Bilingualism Scores for Canadian Supreme Court Justices, 1985–2013","authors":"Jean-Christophe Bédard-Rubin, Tiago Rubin","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores normative arguments for mandatory judicial bilingualism. It disentangles the links between the normative reasons advanced for mandatory bilingualism and the correlative level of French that should be expected of judges. To provide empirical anchoring, we construct a bilingualism score of Canadian Supreme Court justices composed of four indicators. The score shows that non-systematic assessments used so far like self-assessments, parliamentary hearings and media coverage are not reliable instruments to predict the level of use of French on the Supreme Court. Also, the score suggests that institutional dynamics have an impact worth studying in more depth. Ultimately, the measurement of functional bilingualism depends first on which linguistic capacity is being measured. This, in turn, depends on the normative reasons supporting the requirement of functional bilingualism. Instead of asking whether French should be mandatory upon appointment, it might be more productive to ask how much French should be required.","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"249 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45536230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Prisoners’ “Right to Die” Goes Online: A Case-Study of Legal and Penal Sensibilities","authors":"J. Shaw, Daniel Konikoff","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Prisoners in Canadian federal penitentiaries can obtain medical assistance in dying (MAiD). This raises questions about the nature and legitimacy of pain and death in incarceration. The authors analyze responses to a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation online news article discussing the provision of MAiD to prisoners. The comments exemplify different sensibilities about the state’s lethality with respect to prisoners. These sensibilities—both legal and penal—draw on an array of cultural referents to orient to prisoners’ deaths generally, but also MAiD specifically. The authors explore how certain referents factor in these legal and penal sensibilities and appear to mediate commenters’ judgements. For example, capital punishment factors significantly in conversations about MAiD for prisoners, as well as imaginations of prisoners’ bodies in pain. As a result, there is a spectacularization of prisoners’ carceral death, despite the humane, “civilized” death MAiD provides, which circumscribes how some commenters imagine the procedure and prisoners’ deaths.","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"451 - 471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47547540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Efficacy of Budesonide/Glycopyrronium Bromide/Formoterol in the Treatment of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Its Effect on Inflammatory Factors.","authors":"Haiying Liu, Zhengyan Wang, Lijun Ren, Guiqin Zhang, Dan Zhao, Yanli Guo, Lijuan Wang, Hong Feng","doi":"10.1155/2022/8150444","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/8150444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the clinical efficacy of budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol (Breztri Aerosphere) as an adjunct to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective study enrolled 120 patients with pulmonary endogenous ARDS admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine at the Fourth Hospital of Baotou from January 2017 to January 2020, and all enrollments were assigned (1 : 1) to receive conventional treatment (control group) or Breztri Aerosphere (study group).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Breztri Aerosphere was associated with a significantly higher total efficacy versus conventional treatment. Breztri Aerosphere resulted in significantly lower acute physiology and chronic health evaluation scoring system (APACHE II) scores and Murray lung injury scores versus conventional treatment. Both groups saw an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), and oxygen saturation (SaO2) after treatment, with higher levels seen in patients given Breztri Aerosphere. After treatment, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in both groups rose markedly, with greater elevation witnessed in the study group. The patients given Breztri Aerosphere showed significantly lower levels of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MAPA), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-<i>α</i>), and procalcitonin (PCT) versus those receiving conventional treatment. The patients experienced shorter mechanical ventilation time and intensive care unit (ICU) time after treatment of Breztri Aerosphere versus conventional treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adjuvant therapy with Breztri Aerosphere in ARDS can significantly lower APACHE II scores and Murray lung injury scores, improve blood gas indexes and pulmonary circulation function indexes, and shorten mechanical ventilation time and ICU time, which may be attributed to its improvement of organism inflammation status and reduction of inflammatory factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"36 1","pages":"8150444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76608290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Association Conditions among Released Women: Implications for Successful Community Reintegration","authors":"Laura McKendy, Rose Ricciardelli","doi":"10.1017/cls.2021.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2021.13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In addition to standard parole conditions, parolees under federal community supervision may be subject to special conditions as determined by the Parole Board of Canada; such conditions are intended to manage factors associated with criminogenic risk and need. One set of special conditions places restrictions on parolees’ social relationships and associations, which can include general restrictions (e.g., non-association with individuals involved in crime) or specific restrictions (e.g., no contact with one’s victim or co-accused). Drawing on case files of women under community supervision (n = 43), we explore how non-association and no contact orders shape community release experiences. We suggest that such conditions can have wide-reaching effects on women’s social lives and reintegration (e.g., in the areas of social support, employment, and housing), thereby, at times, complicating women’s attempts to construct post-institutional lives and identities. We consider how association conditions illustrate the broader tension between parole requirements and reintegration.","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"29 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45544504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLS volume 37 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"Dominique Bernier, Thomas McMorrow","doi":"10.1017/cls.2022.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2022.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45293,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Law and Society","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44760753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}