{"title":"Human Rights Law and the Obligation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions","authors":"A. Zahar","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00648-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00648-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83413014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Rights Law and the Obligation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions","authors":"A. Zahar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3952563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3952563","url":null,"abstract":"Human rights law has been called upon to help with the problem of persistently high greenhouse gas emissions. An obligation on states and other legal entities to lower their emissions (mitigation) is said to be deducible from that body of law. I refute this thesis. First, I consider two practical difficulties—causality and non-triviality—that face a plaintiff who, with emission mitigation as the objective, attempts to prove a human rights violation using the regular pattern of proof for a violation. Proponents of the “human rights approach” to mitigation have held that proof of an emission “contribution” by the defendant together with proof of an “impact” by climate change on the plaintiff’s human rights are sufficient to discharge the evidentiary burden for the proof of causation. The rest of the causation chain is simply presumed. Thus, the original proof pattern for a human rights violation is abandoned. The proponents’ answer to the triviality difficulty has been to aggregate emitters into very large entities and sue them . However, aggregation can be shown to lead to a reductio ad absurdum . In my argument’s second part, I identify a more fundamental difficulty with the human rights approach to mitigation: The defendant’s emissions do not amount to a norm violation. Everyone contributes emissions without legislative or other prohibition. Treaty law on climate change itself recognizes emitting behaviour as lawful and permits the continuation of state emissions through to at least 2050. A rise in global warming from preindustrial levels to 1.5° Celsius with room for an even greater rise to close to 2° Celsius has been budgeted for by the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The setting up of a budget affirms the normalized status of within-budget emissions. This universal license to emit denies the human rights approach to mitigation the very conditions of application of human rights law.","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85244705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirstin Wagner, S. Bartels, Sanne Weber, Sabine Lee
{"title":"UNsupported: The Needs and Rights of Children Fathered by UN Peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Kirstin Wagner, S. Bartels, Sanne Weber, Sabine Lee","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00652-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00652-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72654918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-Muslims in the Qanun Jinayat and the Choice of Law in Sharia Courts in Aceh","authors":"A. Halim","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00645-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00645-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79560726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human Rights ReviewPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-01-05DOI: 10.1007/s12142-020-00612-y
Brigitte Hamm
{"title":"The Struggle for Legitimacy in Business and Human Rights Regulation-a Consideration of the Processes Leading to the UN Guiding Principles and an International Treaty.","authors":"Brigitte Hamm","doi":"10.1007/s12142-020-00612-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12142-020-00612-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) were adopted in 2011, an international treaty has been being negotiated since 2014. The two instruments reveal similarities and also conflicts regarding the adequate organization of the global economy based on human rights. The focus in this article will be on the processes leading to these instruments, because they themselves mirror different understandings of governance in the field of business and human rights as well as the struggle over the power of definition and legitimacy. The UNGPs were developed on the basis of global multi-stakeholder consultations, underlining legitimacy through broad inclusion. There are varying judgements as to the success of this approach. The process towards the treaty follows the traditional path of negotiations at UN level. These negotiations reveal a struggle for recognition of the legitimacy of the process itself. Both procedures have shortcomings with regard to legitimacy and show the need for a revision concerning the inclusion of stakeholders. The complementarity of a soft and hard law instrument may enhance the creation of a level playing field in the global economy, thereby strengthening human rights.</p>","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7783498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74604144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Should Autists Have Cultural Rights?","authors":"Bouke de Vries","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00642-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00642-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78609843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: The Future of International Solidarity in Global Refugee Protection","authors":"O. Okafor","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00650-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00650-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77529765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Epistemology and Morality of Human Kinds by Marion Godman","authors":"L. Miller","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00647-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00647-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74880420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gilad Ben-Nun, The Fourth Geneva Convention for Civilians: The History of International Humanitarian Law (I.B. Tauris 2020), ISBN 9781838604301, 288 pp, GBP 85.00","authors":"Andrew J. Majeske","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00640-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00640-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88750827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: The Unrealized Potential of National Human Rights Institutions in Business and Human Rights Regulation: Conditions for Effective Engagement and Proposal for Reform","authors":"René Wolfsteller","doi":"10.1007/s12142-021-00649-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00649-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45171,"journal":{"name":"Human Rights Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84597192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}