Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"Swarming and the social dynamics of group violence","authors":"Rob White","doi":"10.1037/e583412012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e583412012-001","url":null,"abstract":"Riots such as the Cronulla and Macquarie Fields occurrences and media reports of large numbers of individuals gatecrashing parties understandably raise community concern about the prevalence and causes of group violence. This is a difficult area to research as the number of events is typically low, although their impact can be high. There are also different forms of mass groupings of individuals with higher and lower levels of associated violence. This paper provides a broad overview of these different group formations and identifies commonalities between particular group formations that are associated with violence. The paper also identifies two community policing initiatives focused on improving police-community relations. Such understanding will assist in the development of specific policy and practitioner responses that seek to prevent or reduce the escalation of group violence when there is the unexpected gathering of large numbers of people. Toni Makkai Director Introduction One of the key challenges for contemporary policing is how best to weigh up an appropriate and effective use of tactical force when it comes to events and situations featuring large crowds. Coupled with tactical evaluation are issues of community policing and the strategic interests of police in maintaining and enhancing general community relationships. For example, police have increasingly analysed and responded to planned events, such as schoolies week and football matches (including soccer), in ways that emphasise community safety and involve a wide range of community preparations, professional collaborations and anticipated responses. The aim of this paper is to explore the nature of group behaviour and group violence that is essentially spontaneous in nature. One example of this is the Cronulla riots. Another example is gatecrashing. To some extent, these two kinds of events (beach riots and house party invasions) are united in bearing a relationship to the phenomenon of swarming - the unexpected gathering of large numbers of people in particular public bcales. Swarming may or may not feature violence. It does, however, involve large crowds - crowds that may occasionally transform into 'mobs'. The size of the crowd is what also transforms a private home or private party into a public event via the spilling out of people on to footpaths and surrounding streets and lawns. This paper considers different kinds of group formation in the public domain, and tries to make sense of the different kinds of group behaviour that may emerge. The intent is to stimulate thinking about the complexities of group behaviour generally, in order to further refine and develop intervention tactics and strategies that are relevant to the specific phenomenon in question. Such an exercise has potentially significant benefits in terms of policy development and police management strategies. For instance, perusal of five years of media reports on gatecrashing highlighted that police interventio","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"68 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2006-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86897587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remand in Custody: Critical Factors and Key Issues","authors":"R. Sarre, S. King, D. Bamford","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2348544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2348544","url":null,"abstract":"Summary of conclusions from a study of the effects of any remand strategy on remandees and the wider justice environment.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"17 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79051318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Youth Gangs","authors":"Rob White","doi":"10.1037/e620032012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e620032012-001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of research into the complexity and diversity of youth gangs. The paper discusses the distinction between youth groups and youth gangs and the kinds of behaviour that gangs engage in, which are categorised as criminal, conflict, retreat or street culture. The paper also discusses the diversity of gang formations, problems in identifying gang members, and changes in gangs over time, incuding the key factors involved in gang disintegration. Given the diversity of youth gangs, policy and practice options need to be devised in relation to analysis of specific groups, incidents and situations.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74826779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathways from Child Maltreatment to Juvenile Offending","authors":"A. Stewart, Susan Dennison, E. Waterson","doi":"10.1037/e620012012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e620012012-001","url":null,"abstract":"This is a report on a project partially funded by the Criminology Research Council. The original title of the research project, in the name of Dr Anna Stewart and Dr Susan Dennison, was 'Pathways from child maltreatment to juvenile offending'. The project aimed to examine in detail the risk factor of child maltreatment and the effect maltreatment has on engagement in juvenile offending. All children born in 1983 who had contact with either the Queensland child protection system or the juvenile justice system, as recorded by the Queensland Department of Families, were included in the study. There were 4,655 children who came into contact with the child protection system. The majority of these children (62%) were the victims of multiple incidents of maltreatment (30% of substantiated notifications). Children with substantiated maltreatment were more likely (17%) to come to the attention of the department for juvenile offending than children with notifications that were not substantiated (10%). Of children who offended, 18% had been the victim of child maltreatment. Maltreated children who offended were more likely than maltreated children who did not offend to be male, Indigenous, to be older at the final maltreatment episode (but not younger at the first), neglected or physically abused, have more notifications and be more likely to be placed outside the home because of maltreatment. Although not all children who are maltreated offend, these results indicate that the frequency, severity and type of maltreatment increases the risk of children offending. The results have important implications for the prevention of juvenile offending.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86880754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The age of criminal responsibility","authors":"Gregor Urbas","doi":"10.4135/9781452274102.n6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452274102.n6","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable recent attention has been directed towards rules governing the minimum age of criminal responsibility, and the imposition of criminal responsibility above that age depending on a young offender's appreciation of the wrongness of their act. This paper examines the operation of these rules, along with criticisms and prospects for reform.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"36 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73832521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Violence as a public health issue","authors":"D. McDonald","doi":"10.4135/9781412953948.n476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412953948.n476","url":null,"abstract":"Interpersonal violence is widely accepted as a public health problem, rather than being seen mainly as a matter for the criminal justice system. This paper points out the importance of a rigorous focus on the well being of populations, and public health's use of population wide data to aid understanding of the problems and identifying solutions. In this way, public health can make a valuable contribution to violence prevention and cover a much broader spectrum than the criminal justice system can alone.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74201771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spatial Clustering of Child Maltreatment: Are Micro-social Environments Involved?","authors":"T. Vinson, E. Baldry","doi":"10.1037/e621182012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e621182012-001","url":null,"abstract":"Children are vulnerable to maltreatment, and understanding the social environment within which that maltreatment occurs is one step towards developing preventive measures. This paper shows that instances of maltreatment are clustered by variables such as neighbourhood cohesion, the levels of trust and distrust within neighbourhoods and the value people place on local friendships. The study shows that professionals can often identify areas of risk, and outlines proposals for relevant community building strategies that can limit child maltreatment.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73171448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zero Tolerance Policing","authors":"P. Grabosky","doi":"10.4135/9781412972024.n2699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412972024.n2699","url":null,"abstract":"tag=1 data=Zero Tolerance Policing tag=2 data=Grabosky, P. N. tag=3 data=Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice tag=5 data=102 tag=6 data=January 1999 tag=7 data=? tag=8 data=POLICE-NT%LAW tag=9 data=CRIME CONTROL%DEFINITIONS%UNITED STATES%ASUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY%PUBLIC DISCOURSE tag=10 data='The term 'zero tolerance' has been interepted and used widely in public debate.'","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72992101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}