Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"Image-based sexual abuse: Victims and perpetrators","authors":"N. Henry, A. Flynn, A. Powell","doi":"10.52922/ti09975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti09975","url":null,"abstract":"Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) refers to the non-consensual creation, distribution or threatened distribution of nude or sexual images. This research examines the prevalence, nature and impacts of IBSA victimisation and perpetration in Australia. This form of abuse was found to be relatively common among respondents surveyed and to disproportionately affect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people with a disability, homosexual and bisexual people and young people. The nature of victimisation and perpetration was found to differ by gender, with males more likely to perpetrate IBSA, and females more likely to be victimised by a partner or ex-partner.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"76 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75582100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental offending and children’s conduct problems","authors":"S. Tzoumakis, M. Burton, V. Carr, K. Dean, K. Laurens, Melissa J. Green","doi":"10.52922/ti09944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti09944","url":null,"abstract":"The intergenerational transmission of criminality is well established. However, few intergenerational studies in Australia have examined the link between parents’ offending and their children’s behaviour. Even fewer have used large enough samples to examine serious maternal offending. This study uses a sample of over 21,000 Australian children and their parents to determine the prevalence and co-occurrence of offending among mothers and fathers, and the relationship between parental offending and children’s conduct problems at age 11. The study found that parental offending increases a child’s likelihood of conduct problems, and the offending most strongly associated with child conduct problems is maternal violent offending. It also found that the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behaviour begins early, highlighting the importance of intervention for at-risk children and programs targeted at mothers as well as fathers.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88628482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal histories of Australian organised crime offenders","authors":"G. Fuller, Anthony Morgan, Rick Brown","doi":"10.52922/ti09623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti09623","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the criminal histories of Australian organised crime offenders. Most offenders associated with organised crime groups did not commit their first offence until adulthood; nearly one-third were aged 25 years or older when they committed their first offence. Offending was most common, and remained relatively stable, throughout their 20s and early 30s. Offending frequency gradually increased during this period, as did the seriousness of offences committed. Age at first offence and prevalence of offending varied by crime type. Certain offences—particularly those associated with organised crime— were more common among older offenders. As the first attempt to analyse the criminal histories of organised crime offenders in Australia, this study offers new insights into the extent, nature and seriousness of offending, which will help shape policy responses to organised crime.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"26 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82234906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligence-Led Policing","authors":"J. Ratcliffe","doi":"10.4324/9781315717579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717579","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is timely, given that policing is currently going through a period of significant change in both operational tactics and organisational structures. New ideas in crime reduction and changes to short- and long-term policing strategies are underway. Intelligence-led policing represents a recent approach and is one of the more prevalent of the current \"shifts in crime control philosophy and policing practice\" (Maguire 2000). Surprisingly, given the wide distribution of the term \"intelligence-led policing\", considerable confusion remains in regard to its actual meaning to both front-line officers and police management. This paper provides an introduction to intelligence-led policing and discusses some of the related limitations and opportunities. Adam Graycar Director Since the 1990s, \"intelligence-led policing\" (also known as intelligence-driven policing\") has entered the lexicon of modern policing, especially in the UK and more recently Australia. Yet even with the ability of new ideas and innovation to spread throughout the policing world at the click of a mouse, there is still a lack of clarity among many in law enforcement as to what intelligence-led policing is, what it aims to achieve, and how it is supposed to operate. This can be seen in recent inspection reports of Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) in the UK (HMIC 2001, 2002), and in the lack of clarity regarding intelligence-led policing in the United States. A recent summit in March 2002 of over 120 criminal intelligence experts from across the US, funded by the US government and organised by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, may become a turning point in policing within the US. The participants called for a National Intelligence Plan, with one of the core recommendations being to \"promote intelligence-led policing through a common understanding of criminal intelligence and its usefulness\" (IACP 2002, p. v). The aspirations of the summit are considerable, but what is unclear from the summit report is a sound understanding of the aims of intelligence-led policing and its relationship to crime reduction. As intelligence-led policing is now a term in common usage within Australian law enforcement (a search of web pages and media releases found the term \"intelligence-led\" in all Australian police sites and the web site of the new Australian Crime Commission), it is timely to consider the origins of intelligence-led policing, the crime reduction levers it aims to pull, and the limitations and possibilities for this type of operational practice. Origins of Intelligence-led Policing Intelligence-led policing entered the police lexicon at some time around the early 1990s. As Gill (1998) has noted, the origins of intelligence-led policing are a little indistinct, but the earliest references to it originate in the UK where a seemingly inexorable rise in crime during the late 1980s and early 1990s coincided with increasing calls for police to be more effect","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"16 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85283278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloud computing for small business: Criminal and security threats and prevention measures","authors":"Alice Hutchings, Russell G. Smith, Lachlan James","doi":"10.17863/CAM.18714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.18714","url":null,"abstract":"Compared with large organisations, small businesses operate in a distinct and highly resource-constrained operating and technical environment. Their proprietors are often time poor, have minimal bargaining power and have limited financial, technical, legal and personnel resources. It is therefore unsurprising that cloud computing and its promise of smoothing cash flows and dramatically reducing ICT overheads is attractive to small business. Cloud computing shifts the delivery and maintenance of software, databases and storage to the internet, transforming them into Pay-As-You-Go services accessed through a web browser. While providing many benefits, cloud computing also brings many risks for small business, including potential computer security and criminal, regulatory and civil liability issues. This paper, undertaken as a collaborative partnership with the ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security at Griffith University, identifies these risks and offers a perspective on how they might be contained so that the benefits of cloud computing do not outweigh the risks for small businesses in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2013-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83372669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective community-based supervision of young offenders","authors":"Christopher J. Trotter","doi":"10.1037/e545792013-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e545792013-001","url":null,"abstract":"A lot has been written about what works in interventions with offenders (eg Andrews and Bonta 2008; Mclvor and Raynor 2008; McNeill et al. 2005). In recent years, there have also been a small number of studies focusing on what works in the routine supervision of offenders on probation, parole or other community-based orders. These studies have found that certain supervision skills offered by supervisors can lead to reduced levels of reoffending (Bonta et al. 2011; Dowden and Andrews 2004; Robinson et al. 2011; Trotter 1996). These studies have been predominantly undertaken with adult offenders. This paper describes a study that examined the relationship between the use of these practice skills by supervisors in Juvenile Justice in New South Wales and reoffending rates by their clients (those under their supervision). It was hypothesised that it would be possible to identify the extent to which supervisors used particular practice skills through the direct observation of interviews by trained research officers. It was also hypothesised that the more the effective practice skills highlighted in earlier research were used, the less frequently the offenders under supervision would reoffend.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80338566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child sexual abuse and subsequent offending and victimisation: A 45 year follow-up study","authors":"J. Ogloff, Margaret C Cutajar, E. Mann, P. Mullen","doi":"10.1037/e620412012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e620412012-001","url":null,"abstract":"Up to 30 percent of children experience childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and whether this impacts re-victimisation or offending as an adult has been the subject of numerous studies. This study investigates whether a disproportionate number of CSA victims subsequently perpetrate offences and experience future victimisation compared with people who have not been sexually abused. In a sample of 2,759 CSA victims who were abused between 1964 and 1995, it was found CSA victims were almost five times more likely than the general population to be charged with any offence than their non-abused counterparts, with strongest associations found for sexual and violent offences. CSA victims were also more likely to have been victims of crime, particularly crimes of a sexual or violent nature. This research highlights the need for therapeutic interventions targeted at adolescent male CSA victims, particularly with regard to offender treatment programs, where many programs currently do not allow for exploration of offenders' own sexual victimisation. Language: en-au","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2012-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75013232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrafamilial adolescent sex offenders: Psychological profile and treatment","authors":"Jan Grant, D. Indermaur, J. Thornton, Garth Stevens, Christabel Chamarette, A. Halse","doi":"10.1037/e516662013-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e516662013-157","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual abuse of children by other children or adolescents constitutes approximately 40 to 90 percent of sexual offending against children. This paper examines the nature and causes of adolescent intra-familial sex offending and which treatment approaches are likely to be successful. Using the results of a four-year study in Western Australia, it provides an overview of intra-familial adolescent sex offenders (IASOs), what is known about them and how they can be conceptualized. Findings show that IASOs have greater developmental trauma and family dysfunction than adult sex offenders. They also demonstrate greater levels of various behavioral difficulties associated with conduct disorders than do extra-familial and adult sex offenders and the general population; most commonly ADHD and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Adolescent sex offender programs are based on those developed for adult offenders, with cognitive behavioral therapy the dominant model. However, these programs lack appropriate focus on developmental issues and the influence of family on offending patterns. Programs that combine a variety of treatment modalities show more promising outcomes. It is recommended that a need to understand adolescent sex offending as a health issue, rather than a moral one, allows for interventions that have the best possible chance of changing sexually inappropriate behavior and ending the inter-generational transmission of abuse.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77076002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schizophrenia and offending: area of residence and the impact of social disorganisation and urbanicity","authors":"F. Morgan, V. Morgan, Joseph Clare, G. Valuri, R. Woodman, Anna Ferrante, David Castle, A. Jablensky","doi":"10.1037/E620582012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E620582012-001","url":null,"abstract":"Foreword | It is well-documented that crime rates and the prevalence of mental illness are both higher in areas with pronounced levels of social disorganisation. Far less is known about the association of disadvantaged community conditions with criminal behaviour and mental illness. This study aimed to identify the influence of residential location (characterised by degrees of socioeconomic disadvantage, residential mobility, ethnic heterogeneity and internal inequality) on the prevalence of schizophrenia and incidence of arrests in urban and rural postcode areas of Western Australia between 1985 and 1996. It found that the socio-structural characteristics of an area were related to the incidence of arrest, the prevalence of diagnosed schizophrenia and the incidence of arrest of diagnosed schizophrenics. The results suggest that schizophrenia did not have a multiplier effect on arrest levels but that the same socio-structural characteristics that generated high arrest rates for individuals with schizophrenia also generated high arrest rates for the population as a whole. These findings have important implications for policy and program development in both criminal justice and mental health. They suggest that geographic areas characterised by high levels of social disorganisation require more investment in crime prevention, mental-health services and criminal justice responses. Judy Putt General Manager, Research Schizophrenia is the most common of the psychotic disorders and is characterised by fundamental distortions of thought (delusions), perception (hallucinations) and emotional response. It is a disabling illness, with a lifetime population prevalence of 0.5 to 1 .7 percent (Jablensky et al. 1 992). The estimated one-month treated prevalence of psychotic illness in Australia is 4.7 per 1 ,000 estimated resident population aged 1 8-64 years (Jablensky et al. 2000). The place in society and the care of people with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia constitutes one of the thorniest issues in public health and social policy worldwide. In recent years, changes in the management of this disorder have made it possible for an increasing number of individuals with schizophrenia to lead semi -dependent or independent lives in the community. However, irrespective of the deinstitutionalisation of mental health care and the concomitant focus on the human rights of the mentally ill, the capacity of communities and of society at large to deal with emerging problems of marginalisation, homelessness, poverty, victimisation and criminal behaviour has been put to a severe test. This has been compounded by widespread stereotyping and stigmatisation of individuals with mental illness. The 1 996 General Social Survey (US) revealed 'an underlying negative attitude toward persons with mental health problems, an exaggeration of the impairments or \"threat\" associated with these disorders, and a startling negativity toward individuals with substance dependenc","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2008-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75333080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juror attitudes and biases in sexual assault cases","authors":"N. Taylor","doi":"10.1037/e583402012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e583402012-001","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual assault has among the highest rates of acquittal and lowest rates of proven guilt compared with other offences. Given that more than 70 percent of sexual assault incidents are not reported to police and only about one in 10 reported incidents results in a guilty finding, increasing conviction rates for sexual assault is a key issue for the criminal justice system. This paper presents findings from two recent studies conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology. These show that juror judgements in rape trials are influenced more by the attitudes, beliefs and biases about rape which jurors bring with them into the courtroom than by the objective facts presented, and that stereotypical beliefs about rape and victims of it still exist within the community. As jurors are members of the community and are randomly drawn in order to be representative of it, the two studies together indicate that successful prosecutions of sexual assault will remain low until we acknowledge that jurors interpret what they see in light of their own beliefs, experience and expectations. We need to know what these belief structures are and how they directly impact upon judgements in rape trials, if conviction rates are to improve. Toni Makkai Director Sexual assault is one of the hardest offences to prosecute. Primarily this is because these offences are usually committed in private, there is often little or no corroborating evidence and it is usually one person's word against another (ODPP & AFP 2005). The onus is upon the Crown to prove beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant is guilty; the defendant is not required to prove innocence. This means that prosecutors have the extremely difficult task of convincing a judge or jury that the offence took place, that the complainant did not consent, and that the defendant knew that the complainant was not consenting or was reckless as to such consent. When it comes down to the word of one person against another, with no witnesses and no other supporting evidence, making a case beyond reasonable doubt is a hard task indeed. Faced with such difficulties and limited resources, prosecutors often need to make hard decisions about which cases to prosecute and which to let go. While the public interest is a factor, prosecutorial decision-making about whether to prosecute a sexual assault case also usually involves a judgement about the probability of success, based on expectations of how judges and juries are likely to view the complainant and her story. Since defendants can, and often do, choose not to give evidence in court, the credibility of the complainant is crucial to whether she is likely to be believed, the ability of the prosecution to convince a jury beyond reasonable doubt and, hence, the probability of a guilty verdict. Through experience, prosecutors develop knowledge about what jurors are likely to look for in a sexual assault complainant, the attributes that might make a good or bad impression on jurors an","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"63 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2007-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83323912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}