Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Revision of Well-Fixed Mechanically-Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Kinematic Alignment for the Restoration of Joint Line Obliquity: Report of a Surgical Technique.","authors":"Brian J Carlson, David F Scott","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00399","DOIUrl":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advances in technology and procedures, primary total knee arthroplasty can still result in an unsatisfied patient up to 20% of the time. Many indications for revising total knee arthroplasty have been established, including infection, aseptic loosening, wear, and instability. A newer indication being used in our center is that of a mechanically aligned knee, in which the prosthetic joint line has been substantially altered with respect to the native joint line. In this surgical technique report, we describe a method of revising a painful mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty using the principles of kinematic alignment, using either the patient's preoperative long-axis radiographs, if available, or those of their contralateral limb, as a guide for the measurement of native joint line obliquity. Although this may be controversial, in our practice, this diagnosis has become an established indication for revision knee arthroplasty, with high success rates and patient satisfaction. In this brief surgical technique report, we present the details of one of our cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12063781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent Synovial Chondromatosis and Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee in a Pediatric Patient.","authors":"Lee Beauchamp, Amit Merchant","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00001","DOIUrl":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synovial chondromatosis (SC) and pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) are benign proliferations of the synovium of an unidentified etiology. This case report presents a rare case of PVNS of the left knee of a 4-year-old girl with intermittent pain and swelling diagnosed through preoperative imaging. Subsequent diagnosis of concurrent SC was made by arthroscopy and postoperative histological examination. To our knowledge, PVNS and SC are two distinct conditions that have never been reported as occurring simultaneously in the joint of a pediatric patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12063784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing Follow-up Attendance and Its Effect on Functional Outcomes in Middle-Aged and Geriatric Hip Fracture Patients.","authors":"Garrett W Esper, Lauren A Merrell, Jacob A Linker, Abhishek Ganta, Kenneth A Egol, Sanjit R Konda","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The purpose of this study was to assess the demographic characteristics of hip fracture patients who followed up versus those who did not and secondarily to evaluate if follow-up duration correlated with long-term functional outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective review that queried a trauma database for all patients aged >55 years with hip fractures because of low-energy mechanisms between February 2019 and May 2020. Demographic characteristics, hospital quality measures, clinical outcomes, follow-up attendance, and 1-year functional outcomes were collected from the electronic medical record or through phone. Comparative analyses were conducted between patients who attended >50% of their follow-up appointments and those who attended <50% of their follow-up appointments. Patients were stratified based on the number of follow-up appointments attended and were compared. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to identify factors influencing follow-up attendance and its association with functional outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred fifty-two patients were included for analysis. Patients attending follow-up were younger, more likely to be community ambulators, White, and female. Multivariable regression revealed that younger age, White ethnicity, and female sex were independently associated with higher 1-year follow-up attendance. A positive linear relationship was observed between follow-up attendance and improved functional outcomes. Patients attending >50% of their appointments had better outcome scores. Overall, 218 patients were contacted through phone for 1-year follow-up and thus the 1-year follow-up rate increased to 69%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Consistent follow-up is associated with better 1-year outcomes in geriatric hip fracture patients. Recognizing the demographic factors associated with follow-up attendance can assist in patient education and engagement.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical Evaluation of Curriculum Reporting on Orthopedic Sports Medicine Fellowship Websites.","authors":"Jordan T Windsor, Ryan W Paul, Lee C Beauchamp, Noelle B Bessette, Wayne Berberian, Mukundha Maneyapanda","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Orthopedic sports medicine fellowship program websites likely serve as a preliminary source of information for prospective fellows. Websites give potential applicants a way to gain an understanding of the content and quality of a fellowship program's curriculum. Therefore, the purpose of this current study was to evaluate the curriculum factors reported on orthopedic sports medicine fellowship websites, with a secondary purpose of comparing curriculum between smaller and larger fellowship programs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive list of surgical sports medicine fellowships was compiled from the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) website in February 2023. Each program's fellowship website was then analyzed to determine if key curriculum components were reported to be in the curriculum. Small fellowships were defined as having fewer than four fellows and large fellowships were considered as having four or greater fellows.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 90 surgical sports medicine fellowships were identified from the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine website. Research was by far the most prevalent, with 87 programs (97%) highlighting research opportunities. By contrast, only 20 programs (22%) mentioned training in ultrasonography techniques and a mere seven programs (7.8%) listed sports psychology as part of their curriculum. Larger fellowship programs more frequently report cadaver surgical training on their websites than smaller fellowship programs (50% vs. 24%, P = 0.031). All other curriculum aspects were reported at statistically similar rates between large and small fellowship programs (all P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Orthopedic sports medicine fellowship websites prioritize research compared with other valuable curriculum factors, such as ultrasonography and psychology training. Fellows interested in cadaver training may find training more closely aligned with their interests at a larger institution. Sports medicine fellowships should consider expanding the breadth of their websites to include a wider variety of curricular elements to increase transparency for applicants and potentially attract applicants with interests closely aligned with their program.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Management of Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 614 Patients With a Minimum 1 Year Follow-up.","authors":"Adam Schumaier, Francine Zeng, Chris McCarthy","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are relatively common and may lead to pain and instability. Outcomes following surgical management have generally been acceptable, but data comparing techniques are limited. Furthermore, the optimal timeframe for surgery has not been established. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare outcomes of different surgical techniques and timeframes for treating thumb UCL injuries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were analyzed based on the type of surgery performed: primary repair (PR) to soft tissue or bone tunnels, suture anchor repair (SAR) with or without internal brace, or reconstruction (REC) with autograft. A random effects model was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included 24 studies with 616 thumbs (PR = 146, SAR = 371, REC = 99). Average follow-up was 47 months. Average time from injury to surgery was 9.3 days (PR), 4.1 months (SAR), and 19.1 months (REC). The most commonly stated indication for surgery was lack of a firm end point on collateral stress testing. In the reconstruction group, all injuries were described as chronic or irreparable. A notable difference was found in the proportion of stable thumbs (PR 95%, SAR 95%, REC 81%) and return to unrestricted activities (PR 96%, SAR 93%, REC 84%). No clinically notable differences were observed in pain, grip strength, pinch strength, QuickDASH scores, return to work, complications, or complications requiring intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Surgical management of thumb UCL injuries produces overall favorable results. Acute, subacute, and repairable injuries treated with primary repair or suture anchor repair are more likely to be stable and allow unrestricted return to prior activities compared with chronic, irreparable injuries treated with reconstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limb Occlusion Pressure Versus Standard Pneumatic Tourniquet Pressure in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Justin Aflatooni, Haley Goble, Bradley Lambert, Shari Liberman, Patrick C McCulloch","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tourniquets are frequently used to minimize blood loss. Standard pressures (STPs) are typically higher than minimum limb occlusion pressure (LOP), which can contribute to postoperative pain among other complications. We sought to investigate the effect of STP versus LOP on postoperative pain and opioid medication use after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty patients (age = 37 ± 15 years) undergoing ACLR were recruited and randomized into STP (275 mm Hg; M = 15/F = 15) or LOP (180 ± 29 mm Hg; M = 15/F = 15) group. A photoplethysmography probe was used to determine appropriate tourniquet pressures for the LOP group. Tourniquet and surgical site pain (Visual Analog Scale scores 0 to 10), as well as opioid medication usage, was recorded for 14 days after surgery. A generalized linear mixed model was used to detect differences in pain and medication use over the 14 days. The type-I error was defined as = 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tourniquet site pain was less in the LOP group during postoperative days (PODs) 1 to 5 (P < 0.05) and averaged across the two-week postoperative period (P = 0.015). Surgery site pain was less in the LOP group at PODs 9 and 14 (P < 0.05). Reduced opioid medication use was observed in the LOP group at PODs 3, 4, and 7 and averaged across the postoperative window (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individualized LOPs yield decreased postoperative pain and narcotic use compared with STP during ACLR.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Transcutaneous Mechanical Femoral Lengthening of a Profoundly Short Skeletal Residuum and Subsequent Successful Transfemoral Osseointegration: A Case Report Describing a Novel Endo-Exo Intramedullary Stump Lengthening Device.","authors":"Muhammad Taqi, Mustafa Alttahir, Munjed Al Muderis, Kevin Tetsworth, Robert Dettmers","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 17-year-old adolescent girl presented to our specialty referral center to explore the possibility of osseointegration. Diagnosed with right distal femoral Ewing sarcoma at the age of two, she underwent a transfemoral amputation after 6 months of treatment, resulting in an extremely short residual femur of only 21.7 mm below the pyriformis fossa. The primary challenge was to first elongate the short stump to create a sufficient femoral residuum and then successfully perform osseointegration to enable independent mobility. The aim was to regenerate a good length of the bone to support an osseointegration implant to help her walk independently. After rehabilitation, the patient is mobilizing independently and has a level 3 K-value (activity). Her case illustrates the potential of combining advanced three-dimensional modeling and virtual planning, sophisticated design and manufacturing capabilities, and improving surgical techniques to achieve definitive reconstruction of an amputated limb. Such technological advancements promise to expand the possibilities for future innovations in limb reconstruction and patient rehabilitation. The limitation of this femoral residuum lengthening and staged osseointegration is the need for custom implant design and manufacturing, which is patient-specific and requires meticulous planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recruitment and Retention Strategies in Clinical Trials for Hip Fractures: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.","authors":"Josh Major, Kurt Mahnken, Merhawit Ghebrehiwet, Payton Clark, Josh Autaubo, Andrew Wilson, Jake Checketts, Alicia Ford, Matt Vassar","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the recruitment and retention strategies in clinical trials evaluating hip fractures, with a focus on underrepresented populations.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence and burden of hip fractures necessitate diverse and representative clinical trials to improve management outcomes. Underrepresented populations often face barriers to participation, affecting the generalizability of trial results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of clinical trials on hip fractures published between 2018 and 2023. We searched Embase and MEDLINE, screening and extracting data in a masked duplicate manner. For statistical analysis, Stata 18 SE (StataCorp LLC) was used to determine frequencies of recruitment and retention strategies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We screened 624 studies, with 72 meeting our inclusion criteria. Trials were conducted in the United States (12/72, 16.7%), non-United States (53/72, 73.6%), or both (7/72, 9.7%). Only one trial (1.4%) mentioned specific recruitment strategies, and three (4.2%) reported measures to minimize participant dropout. Overall, the mention of strategies for diverse participation was scarce.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a notable lack of recruitment and retention strategies directed at promoting diverse participation in hip fracture trials. This study highlights the need for improved inclusiveness and equity in future clinical trials to enhance the generalizability of their findings and better serve all populations affected by hip fractures.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nontuberculosis Mycobacterium Infections in Orthopaedic Surgery: Review of the Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Guidelines.","authors":"Reed Coda, Stephen Waller, Bryan Vopat","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nontuberculosis Mycobacterium infections are rare but devastating infections in orthopaedic surgery. The complexity of treatment and the high rate of treatment failure for nontuberculosis Mycobacterium infections illustrate their unique pathogenesis and success at evading normal immune responses. To date, there is no formal treatment algorithm developed for managing these infections in orthopaedic surgery. Successful eradication relies on prolonged culture-specific antibiotic therapies coupled with surgical resection, implant/prosthesis removal, and occasionally amputations. These multidrug therapies often have a high rate of complications, drug-drug interactions, and poor tolerance, further increasing the complexity of treatment. Outlining the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment guidelines of these rare but detrimental infections is essential to improving treatment success.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Post-traumatic Injuries Among Formula 1 Drivers From 1950 to 2023: An Epidemiological Study.","authors":"Johann P Braithwaite, Shawn J Geffken, Anthony Modica, Randy M Cohn, Adam D Bitterman","doi":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the trends of injuries and mortalities throughout the 73-year history of Formula One (F1), and identify factors influencing driver injury and return to racing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Public online archives were searched to compile injury and driver characteristics of all F1 drivers between 1950 and 2023. The F1 drivers' Wikipedia articles were reviewed for injuries or mortalities from F1 events. The sources for each injury or mortality were reviewed and cross-referenced with additional sources to ensure accuracy. The injuries were further subdivided by anatomical location to analyze overall trends in incidence. Injury incidence and significance trends were determined via the Pearson correlation coefficient, and binomial logistic regressions were used to determine the relationships between driver characteristics and injuries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included 865 F1 drivers. Overall, 264 total injuries and 43 deaths were reported in F1-related events. Across the analysis period, notable decreases were observed in total injuries (R = -0.48, P < 0.001), deaths (R = -0.56, P < 0.001), fractures (R = -0.42, P < 0.001), upper extremity injuries (R = -0.28, P = 0.007), lower extremity injuries (R = -0.29, P = 0.006), head injuries (R = -0.301 P = 0.003), torso injuries (R = -0.36, P < 0.001), internal injuries (R = -0.27, P = 0.01), and burns (R = -0.25, P = 0.017). Injury was more likely with more race entries (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, CI = 1.004 to 1.013, P < 0.001) and less likely with increasing career racing points (OR = 0.998, CI = 0.996 to 0.999, P = 0.009). Drivers with lower extremity injuries were more likely to return to sport (OR = 2.89, CI = 1.36 to 6.16, P = 0.006) and less likely after experiencing internal (OR = 0.267, CI = 0.09 to 0.75, P = 0.013), head (OR = 0.485, confidence interval [CI] = 0.27 to 0.88, P = 0.017), and neck injuries (OR = 0.388, CI = 0.15 to 0.98, P = 0.046).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The evolution of safety regulations in F1 appears to have successfully reduced total injuries, total deaths, and most injury classifications.</p>","PeriodicalId":45062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research and Reviews","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}