JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES最新文献

{"title":"Perspectives on racism and the human services sector : a case for change","authors":"C. James","doi":"10.3138/9781442678385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442678385","url":null,"abstract":"Societies, like families, have things they don't talk about. In Canada, the existence of oppression and intolerance is one such thing. The identities shared by most Canadians have been based on an image of tolerance, although franco-Quebeckers focus their self-image on comparisons to \"les anglais,\" while anglo-Canadians compare themselves to the US that they suppose is less tolerant and more racist. Canada's \"nice guy\" reputation abroad has been shattered in recent years, however, by images of the police and the army laying seige to aboriginal communities and by our inability to restructure the federation to acknowledge the just aspirations of our peoples. Many of our institutions are racked with conflicts over how to deal with the needs of many diverse groups, conflicts too often fought out in the media or in scare-mongering texts that generate heat but not much light. By contrast, these four books provide badly needed tools to help us think seriously about difference, and several also outline concrete approaches to promoting constructive change.Montreal historian Lise Noel's landmark text Intolerance: A General Survey, published originally in French by Boreal, won the Governor-General's Award for NonFiction in 1989. Far too rarely are important non-fiction texts translated and re-published between the \"two solitudes,\" so we must be grateful to McGill-Queen's University Press and to translator Arnold Bennett for making Noel's ideas available in such clear and eloquent English. Noel provides an interdisciplinary analysis of oppression in relation to six main parameters: age, race, class, gender, sexual orientation and physical and mental health. Her main focus is on the discourses of intolerance in relation to these variables as manifested in Canada, France, the US and the UK. Writing as a woman and a franco-Quebecker, her analysis provides insights about the general process of \"othering\" both in history (as for example, in the treatment of left-handed or \"sinister\" people) and in relationships between \"Western\" and \"Third World\" people.(f.1) Her text demonstrates how aspects of popular culture, academic theories, religious teachings and scientific precepts all contribute to \"the discourse of intolerance [that] legitimizes relations of domination... [and] gives validity to the most brutal forms of oppression\" (5).I found especially interesting the franco-Quebec and French sources used by Noel and her focus on the discourse of intolerance. It is different from the sociological and philosophical approaches that focus more on what is done than on what people think and say about it. These approaches are more common in anglophone countries. It also differs from empirical analyses of the mechanics of everyday acts of oppression.(f.2) For Noel, \"Intolerance is the theory; domination and oppression are the practice\"(5). Intolerance, then, is a way of knowing the world and she explores the discourses used to legitimize oppression and domination. Noel's id","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"32 1","pages":"175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1996-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69601107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The patriots and the people : the rebellion of 1837 in rural Lower Canada","authors":"A. Greer","doi":"10.2307/206528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/206528","url":null,"abstract":"The Lower Canadian Rebellion of 1837 has been called the most important event in pre-Confederation history. Previously, it has been explained as a response to economic distress or as the result of manipulation by middle-class politicians. Lord Durham believed it was an expression of racial conflict. The Patriots and the People is a fundamental reinterpretation of the Rebellion. Allan Greer argues that far being passive victims of events, the habitants were actively responding to democratic appeals because the language of popular sovereignty was in harmony with their experience and outlook. He finds that a certain form of popular republicanism, with roots deep in the French-Canadian past, drove the anti-government campaign. Institutions such as the militia and the parish played an important part in giving shape to the movement, and the customs of the maypole and charivari provided models for the collective actions against local representatives of the colonial regime. In looking closely into the actions, motives, and mentality of the rural plebeians who formed a majority of those involved in the insurrection, Allan Greer brings to light new causes for the revolutionary role of the normally peaceful French-Canadian peasant. By doing so he provides a social history with new dimensions.","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"32 1","pages":"167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/206528","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68343266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacies of Quebec Women's \"Écriture au féminin\": Bilingual Transformances, Translation Politicized, Subaltern Versions of the Text of the Street","authors":"L. V. Flotow","doi":"10.3138/JCS.30.4.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS.30.4.88","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental feminist writing that developed in Quebec in the 1970s and 1980s -- l'ecriture au feminin -- is an example of avant - garde creative work that has had political impact. This article traces the effects of this ecriture: bilingual writing by bilingual authors who were \"tuned in\" to early feminist texts, translation practices which highlight and openly discus feminist interventions in translated texts and the streetwise writing of younger women of the 1990s. The idea of translation links the different sections of the article: it is a trope for women's writing as a movement from private to public discourse, and an expression of Canadian women's attempts to communicate across the language gap. It refers to the creative and visible work that actual interlingual feminist translation has become and, in the last section, stands for the work of creative writing. Just as ecriture au feminin made a visible splash in the 1970s literary production in Quebec, its impact has been to trigger and make visible other types of Canada's women's textual production.The experimental writing by women -- \"ecriture au feminin\" -- that flourished in Quebec in the late 1970s and early 1980s had a profound effect on the literary environment of its time, developing a political significance well beyond that of many other avant - garde literary movements. A feminist approach to writing that foregrounded gender in every aspect of language and textuality was characteristic of writers such as France Theoret, Nicole Brossard, Louky Bersianik and many other Quebec women of the period. Yet these women not only authored challenging experimental texts, they were also public speakers, journalists, teachers, playwrights, publishers and even filmmakers who were thus able to bring their ideas into a more public forum than many other avant - garde writers. By the mid 1980s they were exerting a marked influence on Anglo - Canadian writing and translation, and their continued energetic participation in the literary and socio - cultural scene of Quebec set an example for the next generation of Quebec women writers, particularly in regard to their capacity for effective interventions. In the following study I trace the transfer of Quebec's ecriture au feminin into other contexts, from a short introduction to this radical feminist writing practise, to its \"transformance\" into bilingual English - Canadian writing and its effects on translation proper, and ending with an analysis of a new generation of Quebec women writers as subaltern feminist translators of the \"text of the street.\"My emphasis on translation as a central aspect of the transfer process of the 1980s and the creative process of the 1990s stems from the immensely important role that actual French - English translations have played in making the experimental Quebec texts of the 1970s available to anglophone readers, and on the increasing importance that translation theory has acquired in contemporary discourse on cultu","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"30 1","pages":"88-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69364544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The Implications of Knowledge-Based Growth for Micro-Economic Policies]","authors":"Matthew J. Bellamy, P. Howitt","doi":"10.4324/9780367824105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367824105","url":null,"abstract":"The Implications of Knowledge-based Growth for Micro-economic Policies. Peter Howitt. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1996.Attention to the problems which social science addresses tells us a great deal about the nature of the Canadian economy and the national identity, about not only material realities but also Canadian values.Values are ever present in the lexicon of economics. They penetrate economics at a level of vocabulary, perceptional selectivity, definition of the problem, choice of subject matter, rationalization and normative certitude. Values serve as a filtration system governing the formulation and evolution of ideas. They can take the form of some notion of human nature, a partial theory knowledge or a specific conception of reality. Whatever form they take, values determine how scholars order the world around them. Of course -- as the books under review demonstrate -- at any one time a plurality of values exists and these values compete in the formulation of theory, the direction of public policy and our understanding of the immediate and distant past.The six works under review are diverse in both method and scope. Diversity is part of the Canadian condition. Indeed -- as Robin Neill has demonstrated in his classic study -- the history of Canadian economic thought is one of contradiction, paradox and heterogeneity.(f.1) The fact that the Canadian nation is made up of five distinct regions, each displaying its own pace and pattern of economic growth, has contributed to the assortment of competing economic discourses and paradigms. Yet such variance need not be problematic. On the contrary, states the intellectual historian A.B. McKillop, our national identity is based on the existence of diversity.(f.2)Despite their differences, the books under review are similar in the matters to which they attend. Two books analyze the nature of the debt and debt discourse (albeit in very different ways). Two others -- utilizing dissimilar methodologies -- attempt to account for the role of innovation and invention in economic growth. A fifth questions the value of the quintessentially Canadian programme of equalization payments while the sixth seeks to understand the economic and political forces involved in the recent neo-conservative transformation of Canadian society.In the first section of this review, the choice of subject matter, the arguments of the authors, as well as the political-valuational judgments that colour their reasoning, will be identified and compared. In the second and third sections, a closer examination of some of their metaphysical preconceptions will be undertaken, specifically of the authors' perceptions of human nature and conceptions of reality. The last section is dedicated to an analysis of methodology and the role of the historical method in economics.The Matters to Which We AttendEach way of ordering -- or interpreting -- postmodern life starts with an implicit or explicit decision about priority. When dealin","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"34 1","pages":"213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70611087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Tenant League of Prince Edward Island, 1864-1867 : leasehold tenure in the New World","authors":"I. Robertson","doi":"10.2307/25148890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/25148890","url":null,"abstract":"The Tenant League of Prince Edward Island 1864-1867: Lease-hold Tenure in the New World. Ian Ross Robertson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.This decade has seen a rising national and international interest in the cultures and histories of Atlantic Canada. This attention - most conspicuously manifest in the popularity of such contemporary artistic events as The Shipping News, Margaret's Museum and the Celtic music revival - perhaps signifies that a certain romantic nostalgia for the simpler life lingers in the popular imagination. In the academic world, nostalgia is taking a reflexive turn, being acknowledged as an element at work in the hermeneutics of texts and events. Such reflexivity is particularly evident in Ian McKay's The Quest of the Folk and Ronald Rompkey's Labrador Odyssey, both of which offer alternatives to the founding fictions that have worked to efface the cultural histories of at least some Atlantic Canadians. These texts foreground the representation of culture, challenging us to read against historical and folkloric constructions of societies and their identities. They ask that we acknowledge the subject positions of historical narratives and question the processes behind what we are asked to read as culture. It is this reading practice that informs my own comments on the five diverse accounts of maritime histories and cultures offered in The Quest of the Folk, Labrador Odyssey, Home Medicine, Canadians at Last and The Tenant League of Prince Edward Island.McKay's The Quest of the Folk examines the antimodernist impulse at work in the processes of cultural selection and invention in twentieth-century Nova Scotia. Its thesis is interesting and adversarial: \"The Folk,\" as category and construction, reduces \"people once alive to the status of inert essences\" and voids \"the emancipatory potential of historical knowledge\" (xvi). What is perhaps most contentious is not the argument itself, but the representation of \"cultural producers\" such as Helen Creighton as aesthetic colonizers who actively sought and produced the Folk according to their own romantic impulses: This book is about the \"path of destiny\" that led Creighton and countless other cultural figures to develop \"the Folk\" as the key to understanding Nova Scotian culture and history. It is about the ways in which urban cultural producers, pursuing their own interests and expressing their own view of things, constructed the Folk of the countryside as the romantic antithesis to everything they disliked about modern urban and industrial life. (4)Its five chapters contextualize the concept of the Folk, explore Creighton's role in the development of maritime folklore, examine the commodification and discourse of \"Innocence,\" and survey the idea of the Folk under postmodern conditions (30). In its demystification of the interpretative framework and construction of culture and identity, The Quest of the Folk revises twentieth-century Nova Scotian history and calls for a","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"34 1","pages":"215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/25148890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68817702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canadians at last : Canada integrates Newfoundland as a province","authors":"R. Blake, S. Drodge","doi":"10.2307/2170162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2170162","url":null,"abstract":"Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland as a Province. Raymond B. Blake. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.This decade has seen a rising national and international interest in the cultures and histories of Atlantic Canada. This attention - most conspicuously manifest in the popularity of such contemporary artistic events as The Shipping News, Margaret's Museum and the Celtic music revival - perhaps signifies that a certain romantic nostalgia for the simpler life lingers in the popular imagination. In the academic world, nostalgia is taking a reflexive turn, being acknowledged as an element at work in the hermeneutics of texts and events. Such reflexivity is particularly evident in Ian McKay's The Quest of the Folk and Ronald Rompkey's Labrador Odyssey, both of which offer alternatives to the founding fictions that have worked to efface the cultural histories of at least some Atlantic Canadians. These texts foreground the representation of culture, challenging us to read against historical and folkloric constructions of societies and their identities. They ask that we acknowledge the subject positions of historical narratives and question the processes behind what we are asked to read as culture. It is this reading practice that informs my own comments on the five diverse accounts of maritime histories and cultures offered in The Quest of the Folk, Labrador Odyssey, Home Medicine, Canadians at Last and The Tenant League of Prince Edward Island.McKay's The Quest of the Folk examines the antimodernist impulse at work in the processes of cultural selection and invention in twentieth-century Nova Scotia. Its thesis is interesting and adversarial: \"The Folk,\" as category and construction, reduces \"people once alive to the status of inert essences\" and voids \"the emancipatory potential of historical knowledge\" (xvi). What is perhaps most contentious is not the argument itself, but the representation of \"cultural producers\" such as Helen Creighton as aesthetic colonizers who actively sought and produced the Folk according to their own romantic impulses: This book is about the \"path of destiny\" that led Creighton and countless other cultural figures to develop \"the Folk\" as the key to understanding Nova Scotian culture and history. It is about the ways in which urban cultural producers, pursuing their own interests and expressing their own view of things, constructed the Folk of the countryside as the romantic antithesis to everything they disliked about modern urban and industrial life. (4)Its five chapters contextualize the concept of the Folk, explore Creighton's role in the development of maritime folklore, examine the commodification and discourse of \"Innocence,\" and survey the idea of the Folk under postmodern conditions (30). In its demystification of the interpretative framework and construction of culture and identity, The Quest of the Folk revises twentieth-century Nova Scotian history and calls for a \"questioning of the ways ","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"34 1","pages":"215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2170162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68529472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The Patriots & the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada]","authors":"A. Greer, C. Coates","doi":"10.2307/2168364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2168364","url":null,"abstract":"It may not be obvious why historians of early Quebec are paying so much attention to rural society. Indeed, one of the books under review refers to \"une remarquable banalite\" of the area studied (Lavallee 274). Such candour may do little to attract the attention of historians interested in larger populations and apparently more vital issues. Does the history of rural Quebec matter? At one time, intellectuals argued that the virtue of nations was located in the countryside. The nineteenth-century French historian Jules Michelet lauded the peasant: \"Le paysan n'est pas seulement la partie la plus nombreuse de la nation, c'est la plus forte, la plus saine, et, en balancant bien le physique et le moral, au total la meilleure.\"(f.1) In part, such sentiments reflected anti-modernist concerns about declining \"communitas.\" But French-Canadian nationalists, until the 1960s, often located the heart of their nation among rural communities as well. Much of the recent production on the rural history of Quebec, with its emphasis on peasant culture, revisits such views, often recreating the social divisions that defined possibilities in rural communities in Quebec and discussing the rich and tenacious rural culture that developed in the colony. The history of seventeeth-century Montreal spans the religious and commercial interests fundamental to the colony of New France. Founded in 1642 as the Counter-Reformation utopian experiment Ville-Marie, Montreal soon revealed the extent to which Old World patterns were replicated in the New World. Louise Dechene's now classic account Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth-Century Montreal set the historiographical trend in which many studies of colonial society locate themselves. Published in French in 1974 but only recently translated, this volume re-evaluates the nature of colonial society by reconstructing in minute detail the workings of commerce and agriculture in the second most important town of the colony. Dechene's book is filled with insights into the society and economy of New France, and relatively little of her work has been shaken by the historical production of the last 20 years. The European population remained small throughout the period, and indeed throughout the history of New France as a whole, given limited immigration. For Dechene, the merchants and the peasants were the most important classes in the colony. The two groups functioned in relative isolation. While merchants in the fur trade dominated economic exchanges and ignored local development, farmers were content with subsistence. It was this lack of integration between the two sectors of the economy that determined the colony's features and long-term viability: \"No sooner was it settled than the countryside began to exhibit the familiar, unchanging features of Quebec rural society -- and this despite the closeness of the warehouses -- encapsulated in its uniform farms and lifestyle, stable land ownership, strong family ties, and entrenched ro","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"32 1","pages":"167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1995-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2168364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68525391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[RB Bennett: The Calgary Years]","authors":"J. H. Gray","doi":"10.5860/choice.29-5307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-5307","url":null,"abstract":"R.B. BENNETT: THE CALGARY YEARS. James H. Gray. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.THE LONER: THREE SKETCHES OF THE PERSONAL LIFE AND IDEAS OF R.B. BENNETT, 1870-1947. P.B. Waite. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.REACTION AND REFORM: THE POLITICS OF THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY UNDER R.B. BENNETT, 1927-1938. Larry A. Glassford. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.ABERHART: OUTPOURINGS AND REPLIES. Ed. David R. Elliott. Calgary: Historical Society of Alberta, 1991.\"JUST CALL ME MITCH\": THE LIFE OF MITCHELL F. HEPBURN. John T. Saywell. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.DUFF PATTULLO OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Robin Fisher. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.Over the last two decades, the strictures levelled by the new social historians towards politics and its practitioners has not been without justification; certainly the many Whiggish hagiographies which permeated our national literature throughout the first half of this century left such a poor aftertaste as to mar both the legitimacy and value of political biography as a worthy field of historical inquiry. As yet few have taken seriously Gertrude Himmelfarb's call to redress the imbalance posed by an exclusive presentation towards social history.(f.1) While it is undoubtedly true that the lives and experiences of the masses is crucial to our understanding of the past, there is equal value in studying those individuals (and the political culture surrounding them) who possessed the power to manage and administer the state. This becomes all the more imperative when studying this century's most discordant decade -- the 1930s -- when \"ordinary people\" were attempting to eke out a living. How, to paraphrase Trevelyan, can we write a true history of the social impact of, in this case, the \"Dirty Thirties,\" with the politicians left out?Thankfully, six recent studies attempt to fill this void. When, in 1985, John Thompson and Alan Seager completed their general study of Canada during the interwar years, there were few biographical studies of depression-era leaders.(f.2) If one discounts the mildly hagiographic output of Beaverbrook and Watkins, R.B. Bennett and the Conservative party had not yet received serious scholarly attention.(f.3) Although Mitch Hepburn of Ontario appeared adequately covered in Neil McKenty's 1967 biography, a more thorough and indepth study awaited, commissioned in the following decade by the Ontario Historical Studies Series.(f.4) As for William Aberhart of Alberta and Duff Pattullo of British Columbia, neither had been taken seriously, at least not until very recently. Now, these four Depression leaders are the subject of six monographs.With the possible exception of the now retired Tory incarnation from Baie Comeau, there has been no Canadian prime minister more unpopular than R.B. Bennett (1930-1935). Perceived by the general public as far too pompous and wealthy to be leading the country through the ravages of a severe depression, Bennett has ","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"30 1","pages":"142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71040189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Not The World of William NotmanThe world of William Notman: The Nineteenth Century through a master lens. Eds. Roger Hall, Gordon Dodds and Stanley Triggs. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993. 232 pp.","authors":"L. Koltun","doi":"10.3138/JCS.30.1.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS.30.1.125","url":null,"abstract":"THE WORLD OF WILLIAM NOTMAN: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY THROUGH A MASTER LENS. Eds. Roger Hall, Gordon Dodds and Stanley Triggs. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993. 232 pp. There is no doubt that The World of William Notman: The Nineteenth Century Through a Master Lens has been targeted for the general, not the scholarly reader. It has nary a footnote, nor a bibliography nor even a selected readings list for those interested in pursuing the topic; the index is of proper names only, without subjects or key words. The acknowledgments, placed at the back of the book, describe in general terms the institutional and archival sources for the research supporting the text, but mention only two other previous publications relevant to Notman, both by Stanley Triggs, who is one of the three authors of this volume.(f.1) The archival sources listed indicate that the authors concentrated almost entirely on the details of the Notman firm's history at the expense of the wider context within which the firm flourished. The bulk of the book, which is introduced by 64 pages of undemanding text (set, as carefully noted, in a digitized version of the 19th-century typeface \"Walbaum\") is made up of superb reproductions in 300-line duotone on lavish acid-free paper, a joy to the fingertips. The chapters introducing the photographs review much that is already known about Notman's Canadian activities, and are followed by a new and interesting survey of his photographic work in the United States. The captions are generally simple, one-line identifications of the content of the plates, with no indication of the original size or media of the photographs; hence, for example, we have no idea whether the many full-page warm, dark plates are from carte-de-visite or whole plate albumen prints, or from carbon or platinum prints, or from modern prints made from original or copy negatives. Nor can we tell to what extent that warm tone may imitate or distort the originals. For the general reader, these are quibbles; the wealth of pictures allow a real visual wallow in the past. Yet that indulgence is soon disturbed by the little uneasinesses that, even for the general reader, begin to wear away at the ostensibly harmless nostalgia. For example, it might perhaps be understandable that the caption for Plate 12, showing 10 young Victorian women in astonishingly short dresses and carrying gym equipment, should be identified only as \"Mr. Barnjum's Gymnastic Group, Montreal, 1870\" if their individual names had not been recorded for posterity. But given that an historian (Hall) and an archivist (Dodds) collaborated with a photo historian (Triggs) on this book, it is unfortunate that they overlooked an oddity in the caption. The women merit only 13 words, all of them about their clothes, while an additional 62 words are expended on Mr. Barnjum's biography, an individual who does not even appear in the photograph. Why are we told that Mr. Barnjum saw action in the Fenian raids and rose to the r","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"30 1","pages":"125-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1995-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69364537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One For All or All For One: Government Controls, Black Marketing and the Limits of Patriotism, 1939-47","authors":"Jeff Keshen","doi":"10.3138/JCS.29.4.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS.29.4.111","url":null,"abstract":"If there was, as the American oral historian Studs Terkel wrote, a \"good war,\" certainly it was the battle against Nazism.(f.1) The popular images still reverberate: the \"V\" for victory sign, those wonderful swing bands and, of course, the idea that everyone pulled together to defeat an unquestioned evil. When thoughts turn to Canada's home front similar memories dominate; undoubtedly gouging and black marketing do not step to the forefront. Indeed, because of the relatively paltry privations people had to endure in Canada compared to Europe, it should have been easy for citizens to respect government entreaties to cut back. In Britain, where civilians dealt with three ounces of beef per week and where new clothes were practically unknown, the \"spiv\" who hung around docks and diverted goods to the underground economy was more understandable.(f.2) Thus, one cannot help but be struck, when reading Canada's wartime daily press, that side by side with all the patriotic pledges appear countless stories about a multitude unwilling to make small sacrifices, and who exploited circumstances in the most mercenary manner to garner hefty tax - free returns.IWith the scope of the war expanding tremendously after mid 1940, Canada's military expenditures grew tremendously, from $60 million in 1939 to $2.5 billion three years later. Unemployment evaporated, and total wages nearly doubled between 1938 and 1942. Increased demand, combined with the diversion of supplies from civilian to military requirements, threatened to create profiteering and destructive inflation. Indeed, from late August 1939 to October 1941, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose by 17.8 percent.(f.3)A Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) had been created on 3 September 1939 to control such trends. By mid 1940, it had set maximum rates for basic commodities such as wheat and had established a division to control rent. In August 1941 it passed from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Labour to that of Finance; called in to replace the low - key Hector Mackinnon as chairman was Donald Gordon, an outspoken and charismatic mandarin from the Bank of Canada. That November, he implemented a comprehensive freeze. Prices were not to exceed the highest level charged during a four - week base period between 15 September and 11 October, while wages were pegged at levels prevailing on 15 November. A cost - of - living bonus amounting to one percent of wages for each one point increase in the CPI, with a maximum of 25 cents per week, could be granted by the National War Labour Board. Statistics suggest that the program was successful: for over the next four years total inflation amounted to 2.8 percent.(f.4)Dollar - a - year men from the business community were recruited to run WPTB departments. The thinking was that such people could plan most effectively and win compliance from fellow capitalists. Citizens also helped, having remembered or heard of high inflation during the Great War, and being eager to d","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"29 1","pages":"111-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69363922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}