Public Archaeology最新文献

{"title":"Guest Editorial: Public Archaeology in India","authors":"Bishnupriya Basak","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2019.1703163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2019.1703163","url":null,"abstract":"Any editorial on public archaeology in India cannot escape one of the most contentious issues of current times that compels us to probe deep into the mesh of social power relations, namely the destruction of the Babri Masjid mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, a 500-year-old structure that was razed to the ground on 6 December 1992. The date of 7 November 2019 may go down in the history of the nation as a watershed moment. The Supreme Court of India delivered their verdict on the longrunning Ayodhya legal case, which has been hailed as ‘sealing’ the long-drawn-out conflict of the disputed land of the demolished Babri Masjid. In the title suit the claims of the Hindus — that the mosque had been built on a demolished Hindu temple — were recognized; those of the Muslims were not, and their inability to establish their claims to the 2.77-acre land (where the Babri Masjid once stood) was stated as a key reason. The claim is conjured from allusions to the disputed site being the Hindu god Rama’s birthplace, which were found scattered in Hindu and Sikh texts and colonial gazetteers. Absolute reliance had been sought in excavation findings of the Archaeological Survey of India that mention ‘non-Islamic structures’ below the destroyed mosque in their 2003 report, which were heavily mediated by judicial interventions, as Rachel Verghese has shown so succinctly in this volume. The Supreme Court ruling ultimately proclaimed the faith of the majoritarian community as the basis for authorizing the construction of a Hindu temple at the site (e.g. Mohanty, 2019; Rajagopal, 2019). A Hindu temple is therefore due to be constructed on ruins that never existed. The judgment is beset with contradictions. On the one hand it rebukes the demolition of the 500-year-old Babri Masjid in 1992 as ‘an egregious violation of law’, and admits that this mosque, where namaz was offered regularly at least from 1857, was desecrated on 22/23 December 1949 when an idol of Rama was installed under the central dome, creating a de facto Hindu temple. On the other hand, the Court refrains from recognizing the fundamental right of the minority Muslim community to defend its freedom of religion, which is sanctified by the Indian Constitution. When the Constitution came into existence, namaz was being offered at the site. If a place where namaz is offered is considered as amasjid, then the minority community has a fundamental right to defend its freedom of religion. In its act of refraining to recognize this right, the Court fails to protect the Constitution. By affirming their belief that there was once a temple prior to the building of the public archaeology, Vol. 17 Nos. 2–3, May–August 2018, 69–73","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"69 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2019.1703163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42646446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dynamics of Heritage-Making at an Archaeological Site in South 24 Parganas, Bengal, India","authors":"Bishnupriya Basak","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2019.1647511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2019.1647511","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological heritage is seldom fixed in time. Heritage-making is an ongoing process deeply entwined with social/cultural memory and identity formation. These processes are traced through an archaeological monument, located in the Sundarbans, in the South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. The monument, named ‘Jatar Deul’, is a brick tower, stylistically labelled as a rekha deul — a curvilinear tower with a cruciform ground plan —belonging to the Orissan architectural style. Its exact chronology is unknown, as is its creator, although it is stylistically dated to the thirteenth century ce. It has survived more in myths, legends, and local tradition than in historical sources. This paper explores how the monument becomes a site of memories and how multi-vocal identities are forged around the locus of the site, now revered as a sacred place of Shaiva worship. The Postcolonial State has only a marginalized presence and the main stakeholders remain non-professional archaeologists, local schoolteachers, and the local population living in close vicinity. Identity work at the site is no longer the archetypal Bengali/regional identity seen in the pre-independence context, but reflects sub-regional cultural/religious affiliations. This paper is the result of ethnographic research, particularly interviews, of select sections of the local community, focusing on the recent organization of an annual fair at the site, which has thrown up questions on archaeological tourism. On the whole, this study examines how an archaeological monument is shaped and formed in the present in contemporary South Asia.","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"137 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2019.1647511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47646751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Taking from Others: History and Sensibility in Archaeologists’ Arguments for Treasure Trove Legislations","authors":"Mudit Trivedi","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2019.1645564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2019.1645564","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Treasure Trove Act of 1878 is understood as a landmark legislative victory in the preservation of South Asian material pasts. This paper presents a detailed archival history recounting how archaeologists themselves were crucial to the promulgation of the Act and the authors of its specific provisions. It demonstrates how arguments for the reform of royal prerogative into an instrument for the discipline were born in mid-nineteenth-century British debates, where archaeologists’ attempts for a similar statutory change in property laws had been frustrated. Centuries-long tensions in common law definitions and their governance of treasure are demonstrated to be crucial to how we may better understand the new ‘policy’ of the colonial law and its operation. To do so, the paper reviews select cases and presents an evaluation of the archaeological justice of the rule of this law. It asks why our critical historiography has remained insensible to the victims of this law — archaeology’s counter-publics — who have been routinely incarcerated and punished in the name of the greater archaeological common good. Through these examinations, the paper reflects upon the enduring sensibilities and commitments that are involved in continuing to take treasures from others.","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"110 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2019.1645564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44530984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eating Archaeology: Experimenting with Food in Public Outreach","authors":"I. Patania, Yitzchak Y. Jaffe","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2018.1510361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2018.1510361","url":null,"abstract":"Public engagement is becoming increasingly common practice in archaeological projects, capitalizing on the interactions of field archaeologists with local communities as well as with the descendants of the people under study, in a variety of ways: from the use of social media to engaging the local public with onsite presentations and exhibitions. However, public engagement efforts are often less robust when archaeologists return to their home institutions, with most of the researchers’ time and energies spent fulfilling their academic duties. Interactions between archaeologists and their local communities — those closer to their home institutions — are often minimal, creating insular university departments. To secure a future as a vibrant, relevant field of research, archaeology must develop greater interest and skill in engaging with its neighbours both within and outside the academy. The study of past meals and foodways provides an exceptional avenue for public outreach, which in turn is further enhanced through fruitful collaboration among various university departments and museums. Here we present the results of the multidisciplinary outreach project ‘Eating Archaeology’, designed with the intention of building collaborations across disciplines and a new narrative with which to engage the public.","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"55 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2018.1510361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47242783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Museums and Crisis: The Imperative to Achieve Strategic Agility in the Current Instability. A Case Study of the Major Archaeological Museums in Greece","authors":"I. Poulios, Smaragda Touloupa","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2018.1553127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2018.1553127","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of the current economic crisis on the reality of heritage protection, using the largest and most popular archaeological museums in Greece as case studies. The system of heritage protection and museum operation in Greece is outlined, and a description of the operation of these museums prior to the 2008 global economic crisis follows. The impact of the crisis on museums is examined, as well as the museums’ respective responses. Finally, a strategic model from the business field is presented that could help museums achieve tactical agility in the current unstable environment. This is a systematic attempt to examine the impact of the crisis upon the cultural sector in Greece using archaeological museums as a case study, and to suggest solutions to mitigate its impact. As the crisis is not exclusively a Greek issue but has a broader, international, relevance, the conclusions of this study could help various cultural organizations deal with the ongoing crisis — or even prepare for crises to come.","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"3 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2018.1553127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41837632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making Cultural Heritage Significant for the Public. The Role of Researchers in Encouraging Public Awareness and Local Pride","authors":"María Luz Endere, María Gabriela Chaparro, M. Conforti","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2018.1499390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2018.1499390","url":null,"abstract":"The municipality of Olavarría, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, has a rich, diverse, and ancient natural and cultural heritage, although this is not well known by the local community. For this reason, an itinerant exhibition was developed to promote public access to scientific information and community awareness concerning the importance of local heritage. This project was the starting point of an integral programme of public outreach and science education, whose main goal is to facilitate intellectual and physical access to academic knowledge by local communities. After seven years of development, several lessons have been learned, including the need to increase stakeholders’ participation and the exploration of new strategies of communication in order to engage different segments of the public.","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"36 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2018.1499390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45743265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Tim Schadla‐Hall, J. Larkin","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2018.1630945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2018.1630945","url":null,"abstract":"In this issue of Public Archaeology, we devote special coverage to the topic of museums in crisis. In their extended article, Ioannis Poulios and Smaragda Touloupa critically evaluate how archaeology museums in Greece navigated the 2007 Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath of government-imposed austerity measures. The authors survey a range of public and private museums across Greece with a view to understanding their capacity to act in response to the Crisis, assessing the effectiveness of these institution’s actions in both socio-cultural and fiscal terms. Crucially, the authors develop the concept of ‘strategic agility’ — adapted from the world of business — to suggest a means of thinking and acting for museum administrators, to ensure that institutions are able to move swiftly and with a range of approaches to combat prospective threats, whether they be economic, social, or political in scope. Ultimately, their approach is one that encourages more autonomy, control, and entrepreneurialism for museum directors and administrators. The study provides a valuable addition to a body of research examining the effects of the Crisis on Greek cultural life. While some new forms of leisure have resulted from the Crisis — such as graffiti tourism in Athens, or the broader notion of ‘crisis tourism’ (cf. Plantzos, 2018) — the more pressing concerns are the profound structural issues that it has precipitated, which have the potential to radically reconfigure the nature of cultural funding, both in Greece (Tziovas, 2017) but also across Europe. The general (and understandable) outcome of the Crisis has been for museum bodies and commentators to encourage museums to become less dependent on direct government support and increasingly develop their commercial facets (Woodley, et al., 2018). The term ‘resilience’ has entered the museum professional’s lexicon, although perhaps it should give pause for thought that in doing so museums are engaging more directly with the vicissitudes of the market from which they are seeking resilience. When considering the extent to which museums should accede to a greater market orientation, it is vital to understand how such moves influence wider issues such as the privatization of public space, staff and visitor wellbeing, and job/wage precariousness (Palliard, 2017) and how the sector can mitigate such issues. In some ways, the Crisis has acted as a form of shock therapy that has accelerated changes in the museums sector that have been in motion — certainly in the UK — since the 1980s, of reduced government support and the promotion of market orientation. Museums on the Continent have been less susceptible to these changes, but the years since the crisis have provided an aperture to introduce this basic ideology into wider strictures of museum management. While there are undoubtedly benefits to museums pursuing a more commercially responsive management approach, there is a growing sense that austerity is pushing museums ","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2018.1630945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49147697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Tim Schadla‐Hall, J. Larkin","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2017.1578576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2017.1578576","url":null,"abstract":"In the opening paper of this double issue, David Gill provides an overview of the development of guidebooks of the Ministry of Works, the forerunner to the current UK heritage preservation bodies. While museum catalogues have been frequently used in art historical research to understand the development of curatorial practices, by contrast, guidebooks have generally been an under-utilized resource, albeit with few notable exceptions, such as Jocelyn Anderson’s recent studies of Country Houses guidebooks (2011; 2018) and Amara Thornton’s work on archaeological publishing (2018). Gill provides one of the first analyses of this material relating to UK heritage sites. His paper shows how theMinistry of Works responded to increasing popular interest in its archaeological sites and historic buildings, from the initial introduction of guidebooks by the Ministry in 1918 up to the reconfiguration of its responsibilities as English Heritage, in 1983. Gill demonstrates the changing nature of these publications in response to varying forms of public engagement. The value of studies such as this lies in the treatment of guidebooks as artefacts of changing consumption patterns at heritage sites, and their utility as signifiers of the way in which sites are packaged for visitors. While interpretation panels, shop merchandise, and corporate branding exercises come and go — and often escape the clutches of the archive — the mass market nature of guidebooks ensures that copies survive, providing a snapshot into prevailing attitudes towards the public. Moreover, the longitudinal study that this type of material affords can help offer insights into the perennial discussions surrounding the perception that organizations like English Heritage are ‘dumbing down’ their interpretation to sate a wider audience. In the following paper, Qioawei Wei and Luo Zhao provide an overview of the development of public archaeology in China through the implementation of that country’s National Archaeology Parks project. The authors contextualize this project by first discussing the history of archaeological outreach in China; a history that deserves to be better known and that has important implications for our predominantly Western understanding of public engagement with archaeology. The authors discuss the introduction of the concept and discipline of ‘public archaeology’ into China from the early 2000s, and how this has been adapted to the Chinese context. The National Archaeology Parks are administered by the State, and as such have the weight of bureaucratic muscle behind them to ensure their rapid implementation — since 2009, thirty-six parks have been inaugurated across China and more are planned. Generally speaking, these parks appear to be a useful resource for promoting the importance of the preservation of archaeological sites as a scientific and cultural endeavour. The limitations, of course, on the development of public archaeology in China is its critical focus. While the","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"129 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2017.1578576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46238461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ministry of Works and the Development of Souvenir Guides from 1955","authors":"D. Gill","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2017.1484584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2017.1484584","url":null,"abstract":"The first formal guidebooks for historic sites placed in state guardianship in the United Kingdom appeared in 1917. There was an expansion of the series in the 1930s and 1950s. However, from the late 1950s the Ministry of Works, and later the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, started to produce an additional series of illustrated souvenir guides. One distinct group covered Royal Palaces: the Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, Queen Victoria’s residence of Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, and Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. This was followed by guides for archaeological sites such as Stonehenge and Avebury, the Neolithic flint mines at Grime’s Graves, the Roman villa at Lullingstone, and Hadrian’s Wall. In 1961, a series of guides, with covers designed by Kyffin Williams, was produced for the English castles constructed in North Wales. These illustrated guides, some with colour, prepared the way for the fully designed guides now produced by English Heritage, Cadw, and Historic Environment Scotland.","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"132 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2017.1484584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47077333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Places in Interaction: The National Archaeological Park Project as an Integrated Approach to Public Archaeology in China","authors":"Qiaowei Wei, Luo Zhao","doi":"10.1080/14655187.2017.1496789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2017.1496789","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to re-examine how concepts of public archaeology have been established and developed in varying social and political contexts in China, and how the recent national archaeological park project is structured as an important approach for improving public-archaeology relationships and promoting the public uses of archaeology. Since all archaeological activities in China are exclusively regulated by the state, all archaeological resources are administered for the benefit of the public. As such, concepts of public archaeology demonstrate the efforts of Chinese archaeologists to re-evaluate public-archaeology relationships and uses of archaeology through public engagement as well as archaeological communications with the public. The national archaeological park project was launched in 2006 to expand the practice of archaeology with the creation of archaeological communications, public space, and community-driven programmes. The project facilitates multiple perspectives on public archaeology practice through public education, community cohesion, re-creation of public space, and local economic development.","PeriodicalId":45023,"journal":{"name":"Public Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"155 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14655187.2017.1496789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45889688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}